unemployment research paper outline

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Unemployment Essay Writing Guide

Published: 6th Nov 2018   |   Last Updated: 4th Jan 2021   |   Views: 28906

Essay paper writing

Academic writing

Employment is one of the major forces that bring on the economic growth of each country. In addition, unemployment rates can show how economic state of a country changes with time. That is why, it is crucially important to study the causes and effects of unemployment on the economy, social issues, and the life of every individual. Every student can do that by working on a research paper or essay about unemployment.

Luckily, you have come across this article, in which we collected the tips and ideas on how to write the best essay or research paper on unemployment. Stay tuned and read on to know all the intricacies of writing the best academic paper on this topic from scratch, even if you know little or nothing in this field. 

Purpose of writing an unemployment research paper

Let’s start with a discussion on how to write a research paper. Conducting unemployment research, you are encouraged to explore and identify issues that arise when willing workers can’t find a well-paid job or lose jobs as a result of their employers’ inability to maintain the growing rate of production.

Of course, this process affects the economy in general as well as the lives of each and every one of us. Having said that, when you look at this problem analytically and study it from different points of view, using recent data, it allows you to either find solutions to it or encourage other students, activists, or even scholars to further this research and propose their solutions.

Unemployment research paper topics

Here are some interesting research topics on unemployment for your consideration: 

• Karl Marx’s theory of unemployment
• To what extent can automation be helpful or harmful in the workforce?
• What are the long-term consequences of unemployment?
• What is a link between inflation and unemployment?
• Why is unemployment particularly bad for women?
• How does the unemployment rate affect the phycological state of people?
• Unemployment during the Big Depression
• Unemployment rate during COVID-19 pandemics
• Automation of labor and unemployment
• The effects of unemployment on students
• The unemployment rate in the country of choice
• Which population is the most vulnerable to unemployment?
• The link between unemployment and crime rate
• Ways of reducing unemployment

Unemployment research questions

When you have chosen the topic, it is important to formulate a few unemployment research questions and choose one or a few that you are going to focus on in your work. If your topic is broad, narrow it down to something more specific that you would be able to cover within the given word count. Make sure it is not too narrow to be researchable but specific enough for you to understand what kind of information to look for specifically.

The questions you formulate can be focused on the:

• Comparison between certain aspects of unemployment.
• Relationships between variables of your choice.
• Advantages/disadvantages of certain aspects.
• Causal relationships between specific variables.
• Factors contributing to the problem or its solution.

There are a lot of ways to formulate a research question for an unemployment paper, and we suggest that you run the question of your choice by your professor before starting to write.

Unemployment research paper outline

While your outline should include as many details as possible, the main sections it will cover are:

• Introduction
• Introductory phrase
• Background information
• Statement of hypothesis/thesis statement
• Body sections:
• Literature review
• Methodology
• Restated hypothesis/thesis
• Main points of research.
• Further application/Significance of research.

Tips for writing an essay on unemployment

Writing an academic essay on unemployment might appear like quite a difficult task. In order to make your life easier, we have decided to provide with the best writing tips:

• Choose the topic which you are genuinely interested in. This way, the writing process will be exciting and productive.
• Make an outline. This is an essential part of employment essay writing, which helps you to keep your ideas in order and write a well-structured text.
• Write the first draft. It will help you understand how to present your arguments and evidence as well as frame your essay.
• Look for well-written examples. There are a lot of sample essays on unemployment on the Web. Therefore, if you are not sure what to focus yours on or how to put your ideas on paper, reading a few examples might help.
• Proofread your essay. It’s a good idea to revise your paper the next day after you finish writing it. This way, you will notice more grammatical errors and common structural and stylistic mistakes.

Topics for writing an essay on unemployment

• Essay on educated unemployment
• Essay on unemployment among graduates
• Essay on unemployment and poverty
• Essay on rural unemployment
• Essay on the evils of unemployment
• Essay on poverty, illiteracy, and unemployment
• Essay on poverty and unemployment in specific countries/states
• Essay on unemployment and underemployment after wars
• Essay on effects of unemployment (psychological, sociological, financial, etc.)
• Causes of unemployment essay
• Essay on reasons for unemployment
• Essay on the impact of unemployment
• Causes and effects of unemployment essay
• Cause and effect of unemployment essay: is there a link between low quality education and unemployment?
• Argumentative essay on unemployment: should government help the vulnerable population with job search?
• Cause and effect essay on unemployment and inflation
• Unemployment problem solution essay
• Essay on employment and unemployment
• Essay on unemployment in America
• Essay on unemployment and its long-term effects

Unemployment essay outline

Whether you are writing a one-page essay on unemployment or a longer well-researched one at the end of the semester, making an outline is an important step you should never skip. Just like with a research paper, an unemployment essay outline also has a specific structure:

• Unemployment essay introduction. For starters, you need to provide readers with background on the topic and some justifications as to why you have chosen it. At the end of the intro, present your thesis statement with the main points that you will be discussing in more detail further.
• Body paragraphs. The main part is the most extended and informative section of the whole essay. It usually consists of 3-5 paragraphs (however, there can be more or less, depending on the specific requirements). Each paragraph has to include the argument connected with your thesis statement, which is reinforced with evidence and examples. Make sure that your body paragraphs are logically interconnected. In this case, transition words will be of great help.
• Conclusion for an essay on unemployment. At the final stage, here comes the time to briefly remind the readers about all the arguments discussed throughout the essay and the thesis statement that you have put forward in the intro. Don’t make new points in a conclusion for an unemployment essay. This is the part where you reflect on what was written without adding factual or statistical info to continue the discussion. In the final sentences of the unemployment essay conclusion, try coming up with a catchy phrase to wrap up everything that you have showcased before effectively and to encourage your readers for further reflections. 

Statistics for your essay on unemployment

We have collected some interesting and somehow shocking statistics, which you can use in your unemployment essay or research paper:

• Developed countries often cannot offer permanent positions for an excessive number of college graduates, both local residents and international students. This problem creates enormous competition for permanent positions in their chosen fields of study. One great example of such a situation is the US economic recession of 2007-2008 when the employment rate of candidates with bachelor's degrees suddenly dropped to as low as 9%.
• One of the recent American surveys showed that some of the highest unemployment rates were among Philosophy (6.2%) as well as the English Language (6.4%) and Mass Media (7.4%) graduates. On the other hand, the lowest unemployment rates were fixed in the fields of Industrial Engineering (1.7%) and Medical Technicians (0.9%).
• Youth are approximately three times more likely to be unemployed than adults (2.7).
• Among all developing regions, East Asia has the largest unemployment rate.
• The number of unemployed workers in the world’s developing economies is roughly the same as the population of Bangladesh (156.6 million), the world’s eighth-most populous country.
• Despite COVID-19 pandemics, the US unemployment rate has fallen to 7.9% (from 8.4%). The most prosperous are the restaurant, retail, and healthcare sectors.

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Unemployment

After dropping in 2020, teen summer employment may be poised to continue its slow comeback.

Last summer, businesses trying to come back from the COVID-19 pandemic hired nearly a million more teens than in the summer of 2020.

Most in the U.S. say young adults today face more challenges than their parents’ generation in some key areas

About seven-in-ten say young adults today have a harder time when it comes to saving for the future, paying for college and buying a home.

Some gender disparities widened in the U.S. workforce during the pandemic

Among adults 25 and older who have no education beyond high school, more women have left the labor force than men.

Immigrants in U.S. experienced higher unemployment in the pandemic but have closed the gap

With the economic recovery gaining momentum, unemployment among immigrants is about equal with that of U.S.-born workers.

During the pandemic, teen summer employment hit its lowest point since the Great Recession

Fewer than a third (30.8%) of U.S. teens had a paying job last summer. In 2019, 35.8% of teens worked over the summer.

College graduates in the year of COVID-19 experienced a drop in employment, labor force participation

The challenges of a COVID-19 economy are clear for 2020 college graduates, who have experienced downturns in employment and labor force participation.

U.S. labor market inches back from the COVID-19 shock, but recovery is far from complete

Here’s how the COVID-19 recession is affecting labor force participation and unemployment among American workers a year after its onset.

Long-term unemployment has risen sharply in U.S. amid the pandemic, especially among Asian Americans

About four-in-ten unemployed workers had been out of work for more than six months in February 2021, about double the share in February 2020.

A Year Into the Pandemic, Long-Term Financial Impact Weighs Heavily on Many Americans

About a year since the coronavirus recession began, there are some signs of improvement in the U.S. labor market, and Americans are feeling somewhat better about their personal finances than they were early in the pandemic.

Unemployed Americans are feeling the emotional strain of job loss; most have considered changing occupations

About half of U.S. adults who are currently unemployed and are looking for a job are pessimistic about their prospects for future employment.

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Home » Research Paper Outline – Types, Example, Template

Research Paper Outline – Types, Example, Template

Table of Contents

A research paper outline serves as a roadmap for structuring and organizing the content of a research paper. It ensures the paper flows logically, covers all essential components, and stays focused on the research objectives. Crafting a clear and detailed outline is critical for producing a coherent and impactful research paper.

This article explains the types of research paper outlines, provides a comprehensive example, and offers a template to guide you in creating an effective outline.

Research Paper Outline

A research paper outline is a structured framework that organizes ideas, arguments, and evidence into a logical sequence. It serves as a blueprint for writing the paper, helping researchers maintain focus and ensure all critical sections are covered.

Key Features of an Outline:

• Provides a hierarchical structure of headings and subheadings.
• Clarifies the main points and supporting details.
• Organizes ideas to ensure a logical flow of information.

Example of Purpose: An outline for a study on climate change might include sections for the introduction, background information, methodology, results, and implications.

Importance of a Research Paper Outline

• Improves Clarity: Ensures ideas are logically structured and easy to follow.
• Saves Time: Streamlines the writing process by providing a clear framework.
• Identifies Gaps: Highlights missing information or weak arguments early in the process.
• Enhances Focus: Keeps the writer on track, reducing the risk of deviating from the research topic.
• Facilitates Collaboration: Helps co-authors align on structure and content.

Types of Research Paper Outlines

1. alphanumeric outline.

• Description: The most common outline format, using a combination of numbers, letters, and Roman numerals.
• A. Background of the Study
• B. Research Problem
• C. Objectives and Hypotheses

2. Full-Sentence Outline

• Description: Uses full sentences for each point and sub-point, offering more detail.
• A. The study investigates the impacts of climate change on global food security.
• B. The research problem focuses on how extreme weather events disrupt agricultural production.

3. Decimal Outline

• Description: Similar to the alphanumeric outline but uses decimal numbers to indicate levels.
• Introduction
• 1.1 Background of the Study
• 1.2 Research Problem

4. Topic Outline

• Description: Uses brief phrases or keywords to summarize each section.
• A. Climate change overview
• B. Research objectives

Components of a Research Paper Outline

• Background Information
• Problem Statement
• Objectives and Hypotheses
• Significance of the Study
• Theoretical Framework
• Key Studies and Findings
• Gaps in the Literature
• Research Design
• Data Collection Methods
• Sampling Techniques
• Data Analysis Plan
• Presentation of Data
• Key Findings
• Interpretation of Results
• Comparison with Existing Literature
• Implications
• Summary of Findings
• Limitations of the Study
• Recommendations for Future Research
• List of Sources

Example of a Research Paper Outline

Topic: The Impact of Social Media on Academic Performance

I. Introduction

• A. Background: Growth of social media and its role in students’ lives.
• B. Problem Statement: The potential distraction social media poses to academic success.
• C. Objectives: To investigate the correlation between social media usage and academic performance.
• D. Hypothesis: Excessive social media use negatively impacts students’ grades.

II. Literature Review

• A. Theoretical Framework: Uses and Gratifications Theory.
• B. Previous Studies: Overview of research linking social media and education.
• C. Gaps: Limited focus on specific platforms and their unique impacts.

III. Methodology

• A. Research Design: Quantitative survey of college students.
• B. Data Collection: Online questionnaire measuring social media usage and GPA.
• C. Sampling: Random sampling of 300 undergraduate students.
• D. Analysis: Statistical correlation using SPSS.

IV. Results

• A. Descriptive Statistics: Average time spent on social media daily.
• B. Correlation Analysis: Relationship between usage and GPA.

V. Discussion

• A. Findings: High usage correlates with lower GPA.
• B. Implications: Need for awareness programs on time management.
• C. Comparison: Aligns with findings from earlier studies.

VI. Conclusion

• A. Summary: Excessive social media use hampers academic performance.
• B. Limitations: Self-reported data and limited sample diversity.
• C. Recommendations: Further research on platform-specific impacts.

VII. References

• Cite all academic sources used in the research.

Template for a Research Paper Outline

• A. Background Information
• B. Problem Statement
• C. Research Objectives and Hypotheses
• D. Significance of the Study
• A. Overview of Existing Research
• B. Theoretical Framework
• C. Identification of Gaps
• A. Research Design
• B. Data Collection Methods
• C. Sampling Techniques
• D. Analytical Tools
• A. Data Presentation
• B. Analysis of Key Findings
• A. Interpretation of Results
• B. Implications for Theory and Practice
• C. Limitations and Future Directions
• A. Recap of Findings
• B. Limitations of the Study
• C. Recommendations for Future Research
• Include all cited works in the proper format.

Tips for Writing a Research Paper Outline

• Understand Your Topic: Conduct preliminary research to grasp key concepts and objectives.
• Follow the Assignment Guidelines: Ensure your outline adheres to the required format (e.g., APA, MLA).
• Be Concise: Use clear and brief headings and subheadings.
• Revise as Needed: Update the outline as your research evolves.
• Use Tools: Software like Microsoft Word or Notion can help create organized outlines.

A well-structured research paper outline is essential for producing a coherent, focused, and impactful paper. By organizing ideas logically and covering all necessary components, an outline streamlines the writing process and enhances the quality of the final paper. Whether using a detailed full-sentence format or a concise topic outline, researchers can tailor the structure to meet the needs of their specific study.

• Creswell, J. W. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches . Sage Publications.
• Swales, J. M., & Feak, C. B. (2012). Academic Writing for Graduate Students: Essential Tasks and Skills . University of Michigan Press.
• Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL). (2023). “Developing an Outline.” Purdue University.
• Babbie, E. R. (2020). The Practice of Social Research . Cengage Learning.
• Graff, G., & Birkenstein, C. (2021). They Say/I Say: The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing . W.W. Norton & Company.

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Unemployment, Research Paper Example

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Introduction

In the past decade, America has witnessed first-hand the dramatic effects of economic decline and its correlation with unemployment.  Factors such as terrorist attacks and oil battles sent the economy in a whirlwind, leaving hundreds of thousands jobless.  For any individual, losing their job can have devastating psychological and financial affects as well.  The government plays a vital role in the stabilizing and revitalizing the job market.  Directly advising and guiding the displaced workers to new careers, in the quickest time possible.

The rate of unemployment within a country is a perfect yardstick to use the measure the success or failure of the government in power, because it has the financial resources, the authority, and responsibility to develop, and implement strategies, policies, laws and procedures that can lead to job creations on a consistent basis.

Unemployment can be defined as the condition and state of joblessness in any economy.  This is measured by the terms of the unemployment rate.  This is simply calculated from the rate of employed workers versus those who are unemployed.  Hence, unemployment is simply the state of not having a job and is often referred to as being unemployed or without a job.

The economy functions like a Ferris wheel.  Employees work, make money, and then spend their money – which keeps the economy thriving.  If an individual is unemployed, they do have the means to spend money.  This in turn hurts both the market and the labor market because they are not making money, therefore need fewer employees to function.  “Economic growth must go hand in hand with a high level of employment and sustainable development … People must be able to have a job and enjoy a healthy environment and good quality of life all at the same time “(European Commission 1999).

In addition to less jobs and a much more rigid market, inflation can then play a big role as well.  Need to make a certain amount of money to remain profitable, a merchant may decide to raise their prices to offset the lack of normal traffic and income. However, this can also play a detrimental role if the products or services are not necessary.  Inflation can deter an individual from spending their money or help them determine they can do without it. “We derive the relation between inflation and unemployment and discuss how it is influenced by the presence of labor market frictions and real wage rigidities. We show the nature of the trade between inflation and unemployment stabilization, and its dependence on labor market characteristics. We draw the implications for optimal monetary policy.” (Blanchard 2010) As a nation, we have seen many companies and organizations fail to withstand the economic crisis.  Bankruptcies and foreclosures have hit even the strongest of companies.  Unemployment directly affects the economy and they go hand-in-hand.  Currently we are seeing the economy on a steadying incline, and unemployment rate is following as well.

Public policy has a significant impact on unemployment rates.  Government protection has significantly increased and social responsibility has been pushed back onto the unemployed individuals.   However, as the economy seems to be in a recession, unemployment benefits have been reviewed and in many cases revised and or extended.  In the event that an individual receives unemployment benefits, they are being required to be actively pursuing employment.  The intent is to take away the ability for unemployed individuals to be content with being dependent on the government to support them.

Another public policy that the United States has utilized was the bail-out.  They gave millions of dollars to financial and insurance companies in order to keep them from collapsing.  The intent was due to the amount of individuals employed as well as the magnitude of money that Americans would lose if these companies collapsed.  Obviously, as we determined early, the government does play a vital role in unemployment as well as the stability of the economy.  The public policies they use are intended to prevent unemployment and to consider the best interest of the people.  It may not always have the outcome that the policies were created for, but more likely than not the purpose is to preserve the economy and eliminate unemployment.

Unemployment Defined                                                                            

As defined, unemployment is the state of joblessness within the economy.   To determine that unemployment is only temporary or based on season is to understate the severity of it.

“Until fairly recently it was a common procedure to classify unemployment as seasonal, frictional, cyclical and structural. The distinctions referred to different causes and duration of

unemployment that coexist in varying degrees. With the breakthrough of dynamic general

equilibrium modelling, unemployment has been reduced, in macroeconomic theory at least, to a purely frictional phenomenon. In his theory of economic development Joseph A. Schumpeter explained cyclical, structural and other types of unemployment as effects of one and the same cause, namely creative destruction. This led him to define unemployment in all its manifestations largely as a frictional phenomenon.” (Schettkat 2009)

A field of unemployment that is considered seasonal or marginally temporary, for example purposes, would be construction workers.  During the most frigid months of the year, they are typically not conductive environments to do the jobs necessary, so they determine to lay off their employees till the weather is better.  This is, contrary to most cases, considered seasonal unemployment.  However, this is not the case in most situations.

In theory, it would be ideal to operate with zero unemployment.  This is a very unobtainable goal, and it may not be the most practical for the economy either.  Cyclical unemployment will always occur due to economical changes and employees being laid off.  Refer back to the construction workers; whereas their unemployment is temporary, it is still unemployment by definition.  Frictional unemployment happens when employees change direction or careers.  In order for any person to better themselves, they most likely will have to make a change, and this will result in unemployment, even if it is for a minimal period of time. And finally, there is the structural unemployment.  This happens when the demand for a specific type of employee changes.  For example, as technology improves, many positions are becoming more dependent on computers instead of laborers. This is good for the economy in its own way, however, inevitably leaves employees unemployed.  These forms of unemployment are temporary, but show how zero unemployment will probably never be obtainable.

Effects of Unemployment on the Individual                                                                   

There are psychological issues that can come as a result of being unemployed.   Depression and anxiety were the most common factors the correlate with an individual being jobless.  Individuals begin worrying about how to pay the bills, depressed because of the feeling of being not good enough or unwanted.  Self-esteemed lowered because no matter what level of job they were at, they were disposable.  Stress can also alter a psychological state of any individual as well.  The individual is constantly wondering if they will find a new job, if they will be able to support themselves and their families.  Preventing them from actively looking or afraid they will be turned down again can be overwhelming.  These are more extreme cases, but these are some very real psychological problems that affect individuals as a result of unemployment.

Unemployed individuals also have their financial battles as well. Begin able to support themselves and their families can prove to be impossible when there is not income coming in.  They lose their house, their cars, and much more.  This also directly affects the economy, because the financial institutions lose a lot of money on bankruptcies, repossessions, and foreclosures.

Part of the economical decline in the last decade is a result of subprime lending.  This is an almost self inflicted financial crisis that destroyed not only the people, but the companies that participated in this.  “Despite declaring the economy to be in recession, Volcker wanted high interest rates to keep a rein on the money supply and curb inflation.  The Fed ultimately pushed interest rates to their highest levels in a century, slowing borrowing by businesses and individuals alike, and sending the housing and automobile industries into a decline.”  ( Time , 1980a: 50).  This goes back to what was discussed early about increasing prices to offset the loss of clientele.  The same mentality used for getting richer off of poor economical practices.  These practices directly affect unemployment and economical decline as well.

Effects of Unemployment on the Economy as a Whole                                                 

Periods of high unemployment can be directly traced to economical recessions.  This shows true with the trend of unemployment hitting its peak points during the years where the economy took its biggest hits.  “In 1981, inflation hit 12.1 percent and unemployment reached 3.1 percent in 1982, its highest level since 1945.” (Hogan 2010)   As we see the job market struggle, we typically see individuals being displaced and some forced into early retirement.  Even though Hogan stated unemployment was at its peak in 1981, Bragegan determined that the estimate for unemployed individuals was much higher than estimated.   “However, many economists believed that the real level of unemployment, including the jobless in training programs, workers forced into early retirement and those who had given up seeking employment, was closer to 16 percent.” (Branegan, 1982: 32).

It is difficult to determine when unemployment is at its lowest point.  The financial market maybe increasing, but the construction market is declining leaving a different type of unemployed market.  “The level of unemployment is different between the initial period, where everybody is employed in the manufacturing sector, and the final period, where a constant share of workers leaves existing service firms to search for work in emerging service sector firms.” (Zagler 2007)  One cannot say that unemployment has reached a low point, however, as the economy increases, unemployment will continue to decline.  This can result in a noticeable change in unemployment, even if this is not classified as a joblessness low.

How Government can help Reduce Unempoyment

“The orthodox view that there is no long-run relationship between inflation and unemployment has implied that the evolution of inflation and unemployment can be adequately modeled by separate economic branches. These branches comply with a vertical PC and the existence of a natural rate of unemployment.” (Karanassou 2010)  As discussed throughout this paper, the government can help regulate unemployment by controlling the amount of inflation allowed.  In addition this will keep the market regulated and prevent excessive highs and lows.

The government can also help reduce unemployment by lowering taxes.  There are taxes on virtually everything, cars, homes, any purchase, and on income. If the government were to lower taxes it would make it more appealing to make that purchase or investment that individuals may have otherwise been on the fence about.   Also consider on multiple occasions, the government has decided to create incentives where they gave a tax break refund to individuals with the intentions to stimulate the economy.  The economy improves, job market does as well.

“True, unemployment turned into long-term unemployment and got more and more concentrated among the low skilled. But what caused this structuring of unemployment? Once path dependence is allowed for (through sorting, skill depreciation and other mechanisms) unemployment may be difficult to reduce after high unemployment has persisted for a certain period. This process, however, is not an argument against a more expansionary policy but it is in favor of it because inactivity will cause high, long-lasting costs.” (Stiglitz 1997)  Creating incentives can help the government in deterring some of these long-lasting high cost that Stiglitz discusses.  In order for an individual to receive unemployment they have to attend classes for resume building and other personal job related tools.  One incentive that the government has provided is paying for continuing education for unemployed individuals who only have a high school level education.  This can be costly; in the long run however it could benefit both the job market and the individual alike.  If the government would utilized more incentives like this, it could help with stimulate the economy as well.

Conclusion                                                                                                                         

Unemployment is the condition being out of work or not having a job.  Unemployment and the status of the economy are directly related and the government has the tools and responsibilities to monitor this.  Because of the psychological and financial ramifications that can occur as a result of being unemployed, it is important that the government remains involved.

The effects of unemployment on an individual and on the economy as a whole can be very negative. ”We first documented that unemployment is positively related to inflation and interest rates in the low-frequency data.” (Berentsen 20110)  The economy tries to recover from the decline in consumer spending them increasing their prices and interest rates.  The consumers, potentially unemployed, do not have the means to spend money on the increased prices so the business suffers.  It’s a vicious cycle on the economy if it is not regulated correctly.

The effects of public policy on unemployment rates can determine how well the job market and economy recovers.  The government has the ability to instill programs to stimulate jobs as well as improve how well the economy is doing.

No matter how you define it unemployment is a difficult state to be in. It affects so many areas. Personally, it has financial and psychological affects on the individual and their families. The government needs to be involved and regulate the economy in any way they can.  Utilizing tax breaks and incentives will help in stimulating the market, which will increase jobs as well.  They also need to be involved in monitoring companies that use inflation as a means of coping with economical difficulties. The government and consumers all are directly important in keeping unemployment down and the economy always improving.

Bibliography

Berentsen, A., Menzio, G., Wright, R. “Inflation and Unemployment in the Long Run.”  American Economic Review.   101.1. (2011): 371-398.  Print.

Blanchard, O., Gali, J. “Labor Markets and Monetary Policy: A New Keynsian Model with Unemployment.”  American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics. 2.2. (2010): 1-30. Print.

Boianovsky, M., Trautwein, H-M. “Schumpeter on Unemployment.” Journal of Evolutionary Economics. 20.2. (2010): 233-263. Print.

Branegan, B. C. (1982) ‘Why Bankers Have the Jitters.’ Time Magazine , 20 September, 120(12), p. 32.

European Commission 1999, EU focus on green jobs , European Commission, Luxembourg.

Hogan, J. “Economic Crises and Policy Change in the Early 1980s: A Four Country Comparison.”  Journal of Australian Political Economy.  Winter 2010. 65 (2010): 107-138. Print.

Karanassou, M., Sala, H., Snower, D. J. “Phillips Curves and Unemployment Dynamics: A Critique and a Holistic Perspective.” Journal of Economic Surveys. 24.1. (2010): 1-51. Print.

Schettkat, R., Sun, R.  “Monetary Policy and European Unemployment.” Oxford Review of Economic Policy.  25.1. (2009). 94-108.

Tangian, A. “Multi-criteria Optimization of Regional Employment Policy: A Simulation Analysis for Germany.” Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies. 20.2. (2008): 103-122. Print.

Time (1980a) ‘Business: Recession: Long and Deep.’ Time, 16 June, 115(24), p. 48-52.

Zagler, M. “Growth and Unemployment: Theory, Evidence and Policy.”  International Journal of Economic Perspectives. 1.4. (2007): 228-242.

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Unemployment Research Papers Examples

Type of paper: Research Paper

Topic: Unemployment , Social Issues , Development , Economics , Workplace , Economy , Labor , Crisis

Words: 1800

Published: 11/08/2020

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American Public University

UNEMPLOYMENT Introduction Unemployment is defined as the people who are not willing to participate in the labor force. In another word, unemployment is a preference made by the individuals. Unemployment is an essential social problem as well as it is an important macroeconomic indicator. Considering that the world population is increasing rapidly, and the global financial crisis has started a new era when many developed countries have got into trouble, the labor force is facing a harsh time. The unemployment rates even in the developed countries have reached 10% or exceeded 10%. Some developed countries could manage to keep the unemployment rate relatively lower by decreasing the real wages. High unemployment rates or relatively lower real wages are causing social problems, and the productivity of the labor is deteriorated (Haugen and Musser, 2011). Therefore, the unemployment problem will force the economy managements of the countries to develop relatively better and innovative ways to overcome the problem. Even it is possible to claim that the unemployment theories need to be reviewed after the global financial crisis. In this essay, I will discuss the unemployment in the new era of the global economy.

Unemployment Types

Unemployment is classified in some types as follows: 1) Frictional unemployment, 2) Cyclical unemployment, and 3) Structural unemployment. Frictional unemployment is that some people get unemployed because they would like to change their industries and they might need to take a break or they might not be willing to work for short time. Frictional unemployment might be fruitful for the economies to transfer some workers to the newly developing industries. The cyclical unemployment is the unemployment that occurs due to the macroeconomic cycles. Sometimes, the economies can provide a high performance and the unemployment rate decreases while sometimes the economies slow down and the unemployment increases. The cyclical unemployment is not controllable generally. The structural unemployment occurs due to the structural problems in the economies. The structural problems might create a slow-down in the economy. For instance, the global financial crisis has started in the U.S. in 2008 because of a breakdown in the sub-mortgage insurance market. The breakdown in this market has spread to the financial sector and the bankruptcy of leading ten financial institutions caused loss of many businesses in the country and the unemployment rate increased over 10% in 2009. The economy managements mainly aim at managing the risk of the structural unemployment and it requires tackling the structural problems in the economy (Canale and Liotti, 2015).

Unemployment Rate in the Global Economy

Unemployment has reached a peak after the global financial crisis and after the recovery policies, it has gone down. During the crisis, many businesses have bankrupted, and the number of available jobs in the economy has decreased. The graph below indicates that the unemployment has increased up to 10 % just after the crisis. The most striking information from the graph is the decline in the number of businesses rapidly in the American economy. Until 2010, there was a negative view in the unemployment and the job creation statistics.

Graph 1: Unemployment and Job Creation

The graph 1 is a way of exhibiting the demand for the labor and the supply of the labor. The unemployment rate is representing the labor supply while the job creation is representing the demand for the labor. We can easily convert the Graph 1 into a demand and supply graph for the labor. The information of wages determined in the labor market is essential information. The Graph 2 indicates that the nominal wages went down just after the global financial crisis, and there exists a parallel movement between the job offerings and the nominal wages. The nominal wages is the wage offered to the workers, and it seems to be that the workers could not find jobs during the crisis, and they have accepted the low nominal wages. Considering that the unemployment rate has increased during the crisis, we might conclude that even the decreasing nominal wages could not help the economy managements tackling the unemployment problem (Haugen and Musser, 2011).

Graph 2: Nominal Wage Growth and Job Offerings

The inflation rate after the crisis has gone down to almost 0% in many developed countries due to the low domestic demand and the decreasing exports of these countries. Therefore, the nominal wages are representing the real wages in the developed economies currently. The efforts spent on stimulating the domestic demand is expected to stimulate the labor markets.

Graph 3: Demand for Labor and Labor Supply

The graph 3 summarizes the development in the labor markets in the developed countries after the crisis. The demand for labor decreased and the wages went down. At the new equilibrium, even though the workers accept relatively lower wage level, the economy cannot produce enough available jobs for the workers.

Labor Force Participation

The labor force participation rate is an essential indicator of being a well-developed economy. The labor participation rate is calculated as a ratio between the people who are willing to work and the population in the working ages. In the developed economies, the majority of the population takes responsibility in the production processes while the less developed economies and the developing economies face the problem of low participation rate.

Graph 3: Labor Force Participation Rate

The graph 3 exhibits that the developed strong economies could manage to involve more than half of their working population in the labor force. However, the developing economies are far away from the half. The economic development plans aim at increasing the participation in the production. If the majority of the population takes responsibility in the production, the national economies can do the relatively better performance. Also, increasing the productivity and the efficiency of the working population is important in terms of economic development. In another word, the labor productivity is one of the economic development determinants.

The Consequences of Unemployment

Unemployment is a two-sided fact: Social and economic. The social aspect of unemployment is relevant to the economic development of the households and savings. If the households can generate enough income, they can provide their sustainability, and they can make the expenditures of the consumption and the investment (Haugen and Musser, 2011). The economic aspect of unemployment depends on a cost-efficiency analysis. Some of the population works and produces for the whole population. Therefore, every nation has to have enough workers in the economy for the production. The dependent populations like housewives, family workers, and the other unemployed people do not make enough contribution to the production. Considering that the social states provide social security for every citizen, the population has to be able to produce enough for the whole population. Unemployment causes a cost for the society. The unproductive part of the population consumes as much as the working population consumes. Therefore, the working population has to cover the cost of living for the people not working (Haugen and Musser, 2011). Consequently, the unemployment influences the individuals and the society negatively. The loss of productivity might be an important problem while the number of the unemployed people is increasing and the social state is still paying the social security services for the whole population. Also, considering that a developing economy needs new investments continuously, unemployment might create a negative influence on the investments, and it might stop the economic development.

The Benefits of the Unemployment

Unemployment is not something desired in general; however, unemployment might create an opportunity for the economies for transforming the labor force into relatively more productive workers or the workers in the newly developing industries. The developed countries implement a "back to school" program for promoting the workers' learning new professions. These programs might increase the mobility of the workers. The mobility of the workers among different cities and different industries might be efficient for the national economies. The mobility in the labor force will ease finding workers in the newly developing industries. Also, sometimes, some industries face a crisis and the workers with high mobility can easily be transferred to the other industries and the economy might get rid of the undesired result of the unemployment (Moffitt, 2014).

Managing the Unemployment

Unemployment might be managed through developing macroeconomic policies. The social security institutions handle managing the risks of the unemployment. The unemployment is harmful to the individuals and the national economy. Considering that the modern world economy is producing crises at a high frequency, and the increasing unemployment is one of the main outputs of these crises, the governments need to develop well-planned unemployment policies. Managing the risks of the unemployment is possible. Many governments forms an unemployment insurance fund and during the high unemployment times, this fund finances the unemployed people (Canale and Liotti, 2015). However, for a relatively more efficient unemployment policy, the governments should be able to produce a system that forces the unemployed people to be more mobile between the industries and the cities. Therefore, the governments should develop a system that leads the unemployed people to the relatively better industries in terms of development and job opportunities through providing the necessary education and other needed things (Moffitt, 2014).

Unemployment has been one of the most important macroeconomic problems up to today; however, nowadays, the global crises with the new characteristics have created an unemployment problem that is very complex to solve. In the past, implementing demand-sided expenditure increasing economy policies would decrease the unemployment. Nowadays, there is a relatively bigger problem, the loss of trust in the national economies of the developed countries. Therefore, implementing simple economy policies are not solving the unemployment problem. Tackling the unemployment problem requires developing a well-planned economy policy that includes economic interventions to the markets and the economy as well as developing psychological promotions for the workers. Consequently, the global economy is facing a new era and the economy managements need to understand the necessities to developing policies (Canale and Liotti, 2015).

Canale, R., & Liotti, G. (2015). Structural Adjustment and Unemployment in Selected Eurozone Countries. Australian Economic Review, 48(2), 113-121. doi:10.1111/1467-8462.12094 Haugen, D., & Musser, S. (2011). Unemployment. Detroit: Greenhaven Press. Moffitt, R. (2014). Unemployment benefits and unemployment. IZAWOL. doi:10.15185/izawol.13

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