pender's health promotion model essay

Pender’s Health Promotion Model

Introduction.

The utility of the prospects of lifestyle-based health promotion initiatives remains a phenomenology that is impacted by the adherence to the prescribed changes in behavior. However, the poor commitment to the prescribed behavioral changes recommended within a lifestyle intervention remains widespread over the long run, making the achievement of wellness a significant challenge (Mori, 2018). As presented in the literature, this explains the rationale behind the rise in chronic conditions that include cardiovascular diseases (CVD) such as cancers, respiratory infections, and diabetes that accounts for close to 59% of a pool of close to 57 million reported deaths annually and another global burden of disease that stands at 46%. As such, several lifestyle factors are considered significant in affecting the morbidity and mortality rates in several industrialized economies (Lathief & Inzucchi, 2016). As provided by the World Health Organization (2018), data reveals that the European region susceptible to hypertension, non-insulin-dependent diabetes, and cardiovascular conditions due to the lack of appropriate physical activities. The conditions account for over 600,000 of the recorded deaths within the region on an annual basis. Similarly, obesity and overweight issues are other risk factors associated with conditions such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and specified types of cancers that affect 30 to 80% of the adults in these countries (Lathief & Inzucchi, 2016). This suggests the need for behavioral modification interventions in assisting individuals in improving and avoiding their unhealthy behaviors, serving as the reason for the selection of Pender’s health promotion model. Therefore, there is a need to highlight how Pender’s health promotion model may serve as a tool used by nurses in planning for behavioral modification measures and interventions that may assist in the prevention of unhealthy behaviors.

Pender’s health promotion model holds that individuals, as seen in the context of those with chronic conditions that include cardiovascular diseases (CVD), cancers, respiratory infections, and diabetes, have unique personal experiences and characteristics that may influence and affect their subsequent actions (Sevinç, 2016). A set of these variables inform their behavioral knowledge. This remains a factor that has a more substantial motivational effect and significance and can be modified by considering nursing actions. Moshki et al. (2020) establish that health-promoting behaviors remain the desired outcomes and the endpoint of the health promotion model. In this regard, it is arguable that health-promoting behaviors are focused on improving health, bettering the quality of life, and enhancing the functional ability of people in different stages (Moshki et al., 2020). The last behavioral demand revolves around the competing preferences and needs that derail the intended issues of health-promoting behaviors and actions.

Scope and Concept of the Model

Pender’s health promotion theory or model primarily defines health and its concept as a positive dynamic or state and not the absence of a health condition. As established by Alkhalaileh et al. (2011), Nola Pender’s Health Promotion theory was pioneered in 1982 before improving in 1996 and later in 2002. The idea is primarily used in education, in nursing research, and practice. On the other hand, the application of the nursing theory within the scope of the nursing issue raised in this case is informed by observations and research, a factor that accords nurses the capacity to improve the well-being, self-care, and positive health behaviors of different populations (Alkhalaileh et al., 2011). The concept of the Health Promotion Model as imbued in the prospects of Pender’s theory was equally designed as a complementary element to the models driven towards offering health protectionism. The model is designed to incorporate several behaviors posing the need to improve health and wellness within the lifespan of different populations of people. Its purpose is inspired by the need to enable nurses to know and understand the significant determinants and triggers of specific health behaviors. This factor acts as the foundation of behavioral counseling in promoting healthy lifestyles and well-being (Khoshnood et al., 2018). According to Chen & Hsieh (2021), the health promotion model as applied within this context may be designed and integrated to increase wellness among patients with chronic conditions that include cardiovascular diseases (CVD), cancers, respiratory infections, and diabetes levels of wellness through a description of the multi-dimensional nature of each client and how they interact with an environment in their pursuit for health and wellness.

Structure and the Unique Focus of the Model

As provided in the structure in Figure 1 below, Pender’s Health Promotion model focuses on three fundamental areas: individual experiences and characteristics, behavioral and specific cognitive effects, and the behavioral outcomes of a process. The unique features and experiences revolve around the factors that help patients with chronic conditions that include cardiovascular diseases (CVD), cancers, respiratory infections, and diabetes to shape their actions. As seen in Pender’s theory, the past activities of these population groups directly connect with their engagement in health-supportive and promoting behaviors (Shahroodi et al., 2020). However, the personal attributes and the habits of these population groups may serve as a barrier to adopting health-promoting behaviors.

Figure 1: Structure of Pender’s Health Promotion model

The second element in the model’s structures primarily involves the aspect of behavior-specific cognitions that mainly have a significant and direct impact on individual motivation to the prospects of change. As established in the context of this study, nursing interventions driven towards reinforcing the adoption of positive health behaviors may, in this case, be tailored to address positive change. The variables that may be used primarily include the practical barriers and benefits of positive actions, activity-related, and self-worth results. The third element encompasses a behavioral outcome (Seo & Kim, 2021). The beginning of the products commences when the patients suffering from chronic conditions that include cardiovascular diseases (CVD), cancers, respiratory infections, and diabetes commit to the necessary behavior change measures to make changes in their lives. The individuals at this phase require support, especially with the presenting barriers efforts intended to produce positive health-promoting behaviors (Seo & Kim, 2021). Given this, it is assumable that the rationale and unique goal of the health promotion model lies in the stimulation of behavioral change that may result in positive health results.

Implementation Plan

The unique rationale for the implementation of Pender’s Health Promotion Model in the management of patients with chronic conditions that include cardiovascular diseases (CVD), cancers, respiratory infections, and diabetes revolves around improving the health of the patients by enhancing their functional abilities while bettering the quality of their lives (Cangöl & Hotun Şahin, 2017). The achievement of this goal may be reached by considering the below-established steps.

Step 1: The Assessment Phase

The first step will revolve around the use of four surveys or questionnaires that will require the patients to fill and complete duly for a better understanding of their knowledge on chronic conditions that include cardiovascular diseases (CVD), cancers, respiratory conditions infections, their attitudes towards the needs and the healthcare professionals, and the lifestyle factors that may contribute to the conditions. The surveys will primarily involve the patient attitude survey, patient chronic conditions knowledge questionnaire, health belief questionnaire, and lifestyle survey (Cangöl & Hotun Şahin, 2017). The study outcomes will provide a grounded understanding of the factors to consider in introducing the patients to the change process.

Step 2: Education and the Barriers to Change

An assessment of these factors will provide the health care providers with the knowledge required in educating patients. The patients will be equipped with the necessary knowledge regarding the condition, making informed and calculated choices by setting goals on their health outcomes. The education process will play a fundamental role in increasing these patients’ autonomy (Sabooteh et al., 2021). As stated in Pender’s theory, perceived barriers may constrain the patient’s commitment to these actions . A perceived barrier phenomenon may deny the patient’s responsibility to these actions , a phenomenon shown in the surveys. Pender’s model supports the achievement of self-actualization primarily through behavioral modification and the adoption of the best healthy lifestyle choices. Therefore, the model’s success is contingent on the fulfillment of the stability and basic needs of the patients. One of the barriers that are likely to alter the outcomes of the process revolves around the socio-cultural, biological, and psychological factors (Sabooteh et al., 2021). Secondly, patients with unstable living conditions due to the lack of fundamental needs such as limited mobility and scarce financial resources may further offer a challenge in implementing this model. This factor requires additional attention in the adoption of primary health behaviors.

Step 3: Goals and Plan of Action

In this phase, propositions from the model that focus on the patients’ commitment to engaging in behaviors that may be used in driving valued benefits may be considered. The focus on the nurses and caregivers will be on reinforcing the essence of pairing individuals suffering from chronic conditions to develop a plan of care that will increase their autonomy and result in the best outcomes in adherence and compliance with the established measures (Sabooteh et al., 2021). As such, the goals of managing chronic conditions would consist of educating the patients on healthy eating habits, blood glucose control, engagement in physical activities, the maintenance of their health through regular checks, smoking and drinking cessation, vaccinations, and meeting in support groups.

Step 4: Follow-up

As presented in this study, the rise in chronic conditions account for close to 59% of approximately 57 million reported deaths annually. Another global burden of disease (which disease) stands at 46%. Per se, the implementation of Pender’s theory will play a fundamental role in remedying these conditions among patients who choose change as a path to forge positive health outcomes (Shahroodi et al., 2020). Therefore, follow-ups will play a fundamental role in the management of the patients, an aspect that will aid in assessing their goals and some of the impeding factors that need to be addressed or revised to achieve the best outcomes.

As evident in the findings of this study, lifestyle-based health promotion initiatives remain a phenomenology that is impacted by the adherence to the prescribed changes in behavior. However, the poor commitment to the prescribed behavioral changes recommended within a lifestyle intervention remain widespread. As a result, the tendency makes it challenging to achieve wellness. Pender’s Health Promotion model focuses on three fundamental areas: individual experiences and characteristics, behavioral and specific cognitions and effects, and the behavioral outcomes of a process. Consequently, it is assumable that the rationale and unique goal of the health promotion model lies in the stimulation of behavioral change that may result in positive health results.

Alkhalaileh, M. A., Bani Khaled, M. H., & Baker, O. G. (2011). Pender’s Health Promotion Model: An Integrative Literature Review.  Middle East Journal of Nursing ,  5 (5), 12–22. https://doi.org/10.5742/mejn.2011.55104

Cangöl, E., & Hotun Şahin, N. (2017). A Model of Breastfeeding Support: Motivational Interviews Based On Pender’s Health Promotion Model.  Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Dergisi . https://doi.org/10.5222/head.2017.098

Chen, H.-H., & Hsieh, P.-L. (2021). Applying the Pender’s Health Promotion Model to Identify the Factors Related to Older Adults’ Participation in Community-Based Health Promotion Activities.  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ,  18 (19), 9985. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18199985

Khoshnood, Z., Rayyani, M., & Tirgari, B. (2018). Theory analysis for Pender’s health promotion model (HPM) by Barnum’s criteria: a critical perspective.  International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health ,  0 (0). https://doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2017-0160

Lathief, S., & Inzucchi, S. E. (2016). Approach to diabetes management in patients with CVD.  Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine ,  26 (2), 165–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcm.2015.05.005

Mori, K. (2018). Promotion and Challenge of Health and Productivity Management Initiatives.  Health Evaluation and Promotion ,  45 (2), 331–335. https://doi.org/10.7143/jhep.45.331

Moshki, M., Mohammadipour, F., Gholami, M., Heydari, F., & Bayat, M. (2020). The evaluation of an educational intervention based on Pender’s health promotion model for patients with myocardial infarction.  International Journal of Health Promotion and Education , 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/14635240.2020.1816487

Sabooteh, S., Feizi, A., Shekarchizadeh, P., Shahnazi, H., & Mostafavi, F. (2021). Designing and evaluating E-health educational intervention on students’ physical activity: Pender’s health promotion model application.  BMC Public Health ,  21 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10641-y

Seo, J. H., & Kim, H. K. (2021). Factors affecting the health-promoting behaviors of office male workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: Using Pender’s health promotion model.  The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education ,  27 (4), 412–422. https://doi.org/10.5977/jkasne.2021.27.4.412

Sevinç, S. (2016). Lifestyle Modification in Individuals with Myocardial Infarction: Pender’s Health Promotion Model.  Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing ,  7 (14), 147–152. https://doi.org/10.5543/khd.2016.93064

Shahroodi, M. V., Sany, S. B. T., Khaboshan, Z. H., Orooji, A., Esmaeily, H., Ferns, G., & Tajfard, M. (2020). Psychosocial Determinants of Changes in Dietary Behaviors Among Iranian Women: An Application of the Pender’s Health Promotion Model.  International Quarterly of Community Health Education , 0272684X2097682. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272684×20976825

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The Health Promotion Model by Nola Pender

Introduction, theoretical framework: health promotion model by nola pender, overview and guiding propositions described in theory, application of theory to your study/project, reference list.

The Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most common dementia-related maladies that arise from damage or death of brain cells. Various health researchers have come up with theoretical frameworks that are aimed at alleviating the condition. This essay examines the health promotion model by Nola Pender with a view of providing the guiding propositions and its application in modern care institutions.

In the wake of modern nursing practices, health promotion has become a significant concept in disease prevention and healing of patients. The context of this essay is based on Nola Pender’s health promotion model (Polit & Beck, 2007). This nursing theory holds that the healthiness of an individual does not only involve deterrence and cure of diseases but also entails factors that bring about positive and dynamic behavioral patterns. In a more specific perspective, the model focuses on the adolescent population who are at a vulnerable to certain maladies such as the Alzheimer’s conditions. At this phase of life, most people are not able to make independent decisions on matters that pertain to management of their health. For that reason, Nola Pender developed the health promotion model to envisage various health behaviors with reference to the background and acuities of a patient (Polit & Beck, 2007).

Various theoretical propositions are described in Nola Pender’s health promotion model. At the outset, both inherent and learned behaviors significantly influence the beliefs, effects, and demeanors of health promotion. This statement means that the health of an individual is somewhat dependent on previous behaviors. Secondly, individuals have a tendency of participating actively in activities that bring about personally treasured benefits (Wu & Pender, 2005). The expectancy-value theory underpins this proposition. Another proposition of the model is that apparent barriers can limit individual devotion to activities that promote healthy behavior. However, the application of nursing interpolations is a suitable approach to alleviate such hindrances. Furthermore, superficial sense of competence and personal worth augment the probability of committing an action that results in a certain behavior. People also have a tendency of assuming health-promoting behaviors that are exemplified by others through their perceptions, anticipations, and backings that they provide towards such comportments. Finally yet importantly, families, close contacts, and nurses increase the likelihood of engagement in certain health-promoting demeanors (Wu & Pender, 2005)

Nola Pender’s health promotion model is applicable in contemporary nursing practices. Raingruber (2014) reveals that the theory has been widely used in the treatment of the Alzheimer’s disease. In this context, the model provides a framework for formulating healthcare protocols and interventions that enable development of health promoting behaviors in individuals who suffer from the malady. However, the applicability of Pender’s model is highly dependent on the family and cultural background of the Alzheimer patients. Various researchers have acknowledged that the use of the model in health promotion practices has deepened understanding of behavioral patterns and risks that determine the vulnerability of an individual to the Alzheimer’s disease (Raingruber, 2014).

This essay has examined the theoretical propositions and applicability of the Nola Pender’s health promotion model in modern nursing institutions. There is a need to adopt the nursing theory in healthcare practices to promote the behaviors of patients. Most importantly, nurses should implement the Pender’s model in treatment of Alzheimer’s patients since the model is based on development of positive behaviors.

Polit, D., & Beck, C. (2007). Nursing Research: Principles and Methods. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Raingruber, B. (2014). Contemporary Health Promotion in Nursing Practice. Burlington, Mass: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Wu, T., & Pender, N. (2005). A panel study of physical activity in Taiwanese youth testing the revised health-promotion model. Family and Community Health, 28 (2), 113.

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Pender’s Health Promotion Model Application Essay

Introduction to pender health promotion model, literature review.

Health promotion models adopt nursing and behavioral science perspectives to describe the multidimensional nature of persons interacting with their interpersonal and physical environments in pursuit of health (Bastable, 2006). The Pender model is made up of three major constructs. The first is individual characteristics and experiences. The other is behavior-specific cognitions and effects. The third is behavior outcomes (Bastable, 2006). The framework explores the complex processes that motivate an individual to participate in health behaviors. It is based on the need for nurses to nurture their patients and educate them on ways of reaching optimum health. Patient education is a process through which a patient is made to understand their condition and self-care through the use of different medians and experiences. To be effective patient educators, nurses should familiarize themselves with various theoretical models of patient and family education (Friedman, Bowden & Jones 2002).

In this report, the author analyzes a modified version of this framework. In this case, the Pender model will be used to educate patients on their health and on how to use their current conditions to influence others to take up preventive measures.

Reasons for Selecting the Framework

The Pender model was selected because it provides a basis through which a patient’s behavior can be manipulated into influencing others to take up preventive strategies. For instance, a patient suffering from a sexually transmitted infection can be educated on how to improve their health and made to understand the need for using protection. Several studies have used this model. For example, the research by Bauer (2008) was informed by the increasing number of patients suffering from preventable diseases, such as obesity and HIV/AIDS. The spread of HIV/AIDS can be prevented through the use of protection, while diabetes can be avoided by adopting a healthy lifestyle. Efforts to control the diseases are directed towards healthy persons in the public (Bastable, 2006). Bauer (2008) takes a completely different approach.

Significance to Nursing Practice in Urban Family Population

The model will be of great significance to nursing practice and the public at large. It will help to prevent the occurrence of new infections. The model will also provide new strategies for controlling a wide range of diseases (Bastable, 2006).

Use Pender’s Framework in Research

The framework has been used in two research situations to find out the possibility of eliminating HIV/AIDS and diabetes. In recent times, there has been an increase in the spread of HIV/AIDS among urban families despite efforts made to control the situation (Bauer, 2008). The research by Bauer (2008) shows that many people are aware of the risky behaviors associated with the disease. However, they continue to engage in the same behaviors. Young persons aged between 13 and 24 make up approximately 26% of all new infections in the world.

Obesity is another disease common in urban families. The condition is also addressed in the research by Bauer (2008). The disease is also a major concern since it increases one’s risk of acquiring other conditions, such as heart disease and stroke.

Theories Used

The research by Pender involved a review of the literature regarding studies conducted by both local and foreign scholars in the past. Nola Pender accepts the view that a patient plays an active role in initiating and promoting healthy behaviors (Friedman et al., 2002). Theorist argues that human behavior is coherent and reasonable. The current research heavily borrowed from the study by Friedman et al. (2008). The researchers argue that perceptions inform an individual’s decision to commit to a plan of action to promote health (Friedman et al., 2002). Consequently, one can conclude that a patient can be influenced to help in the prevention of diseases.

Results of the Literature Review

Pender model has been used in various studies focusing on public health and nursing in an urban setting. The research by Bauer (2008) found that preventable diseases, such as HIV/AIDS and obesity, are on the rise. The prevalence persists despite the efforts made by governments and other stakeholders to address the situation. The Pender model can be used to solve this problem.

Research Procedure and Analysis

Research procedures.

The study by Bauer (2008) involved the use of a questionnaire to gather information on common infectious diseases affecting modern families. Interviews with local nurses were also carried out to provide insight on how health promotional model can be modified to help reduce the spread of diseases.

The study showed that many people viewed HIV/AIDS and diabetes as common diseases in modern times. Many nurses and health workers were optimistic that modifications of health promotion models would help reduce infection rates (Bauer, 2008).

Strengths and Weaknesses

Nurses dealing with obese and HIV positive patients are concerned with their client’s recovery and healing process. The Pender model is significant as it helps to motivate patients to initiate health-promoting behaviors (Bastable, 2006). However, many nurses fail to emphasize the need for the patient to develop behaviors that will help in preventing further spread of the infection. A case in point is a nurse who realizes that their HIV positive patient is not using protection while having sex. The practitioner can modify the theoretical approach to raise the patient’s awareness of the need to protect others from this particular mode of infection.

The framework can also be used for patients suffering from obesity. For example, it helps the nurse to gather information about the client. Such information touches on the patient’s previous lifestyle and family background. The practitioner can begin by using this information to educate the patient on efficient ways of regulating their weight since they have already shown the will to live (Bauer, 2008). Using the modified approach, the nurse will then educate the patient on the need to help those around them to lead healthy lifestyles to avoid contracting the same disease.

Implications for Nursing Practice

Applicability.

The application of the modified health promotion model would increase the workload for nurses (Bastable, 2006). For the procedure to be effective, nurses should undergo retraining to maximally exploit the new model (Bastable, 2006). However, the positive implications of this new study outweigh the negative effects. It is mainly because the study can be used to prevent the spread of a wide range of diseases.

Follow-up Studies

To validate the findings of this study, future researchers should replicate it within a local setting. The move will bring out its weakness and identify ways to improve it. However, it is important to note that the application of the health promotion model in the prevention of the further spread of infections has several limitations. For example, it increases the risks of trauma. The reason is that bringing to the fore a patient’s past to influence future behavior and decisions may lead to a build-up of emotions (Bastable, 2006).

Practical knowledge and application of theoretical frameworks regarding patient education can positively influence their lives. The current study illustrated how a modified theoretical approach can be applied in modern settings to prevent the spread of high-risk diseases.

Bastable, S. (2006). Essentials of patient education . Sudbury: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

Bauer, L. (2008). Psychiatric and neurophysiological predictors of obesity in HIV/AIDS. Psychophysiology , 45 (6), 1055-1063.

Friedman, M., Bowden, V., & Jones, E. (2002). Family nursing research theory and practice (5th ed.). New York: Prentice Hall Publishers.

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Analysis of Pender’s Health Promotion Model, Essay Example

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Nola Pender is a revolutionary nursing theorist with a unique perspective regarding the nursing profession and the changes taking place throughout recent history with respect to health promotion. With this theoretical perspective in mind, patients have been able to manage a number of significant health concerns in a manner that is consistent with the continued growth and development of the practice environment. Nola Pender’s theory represents a means of understanding and acknowledging the challenges of healthcare practice and the overall continued development of the practice model to impact patient health and wellbeing in a manner that will have a lasting impact on patient outcomes. In addition, it provides an opportunity for advanced practice nurses to examine their roles in expanding health promotion to have a positive impact on the health and wellbeing of many patients. Therefore, the application of this theory to real-world settings is critical so that patients are able to thrive and to improve their health under the direction of nurses who are trained to provide high quality care and treatment to promote healing.

This course has been largely beneficial in my advanced practice nursing education and professional growth, as I have been able to acquire new knowledge regarding theories that are common to the nursing profession, yet are often difficult to understand and acknowledge as part of the practice routine. This course has opened my eyes to new ideas and concepts that may be applied to the nursing profession in unique ways that will have a positive and lasting impact on outcomes and demonstrate a need to explore the dimensions of care and treatment that have a direct impact on patients. I believe that this course has been enlightening because it has always been difficult for me to translate theories into practice in real-life settings, as there I have often experienced disconnect between these two concepts. As a result, I have learned that it is necessary to apply these concepts effectively to my own practice through an expansion of knowledge and resources that will influence my practice objectives and the actions that I take on behalf of my patients.

As I move forward in my practice, it is important to utilize the lessons that I have learned and the knowledge that I have acquired through this course. It is important to me to continue to develop my knowledge and skillset with respect to my patients and how they are cared for and treated.  From a professional perspective, I must continue to evolve and to make the most of the opportunities that I have been given, as I have focused on understanding theories such as Nola Pender and adapting those theories to a variety of situations within the nursing work environment. This process is instrumental in advancing my ability to be effective in meeting the needs of my patients and in supporting a dynamic where patient care quality is of critical importance. I believe that it is in my best interests as an advanced practice nurse to apply theories to my work and to better understand how patients might be feeling and what is required to improve their health. It is important to address these concerns and to make the most of each situation so that there are sufficient treatment alternatives that will have a positive impact on their health, wellbeing, and quality of life.

In order to achieve the course objectives, it is important to develop a strategy that will support a theoretical understanding of different issues and an opportunity to explore the different dimensions of patient care as related to these issues. Therefore, the application of theory to realistic situations is a critical factor in supporting the dynamics of patient care and what is required to ensure that theories are appropriately applied to meet patient needs. This course was effective in advancing the learning curve and in enabling patients to experience optimal recovery and quality of life for patients by recognizing how to enhance their lives and develop protocols to improve their health, one step at a time. Obtaining a better understanding of the different needs of the patients who require care and treatment will demonstrate an increased interest in health promotion and the overall development of new perspectives to improve quality. Providing examples regarding theoretical perspectives was particularly helpful in advancing this process and in recognizing the importance of developing strategies for improving patient care on a continuous basis.

At the beginning of this course, my expectations somewhat low because I was unsure what would happen when I began to learn about the different theories that impact direct patient care and treatment. It is often overwhelming to learn these concepts because they are largely unfamiliar and may be difficult to grasp at times; however, I recognized in the early part of the course that with the appropriate level of focus, I was able to grasp the different theories and be able to distinguish them from each other. On a personal note, my level of understanding of a concept is directly correlated to my level of interest, enthusiasm, and willingness to move forward with the concept as an important tool. I believe that although this is one of my learning weaknesses, it enables me to focus more effectively and to be mindful of the different challenges that I face as I continue to move forward with my educational pursuits.

The contributions of my peers have been largely instrumental in expanding my knowledge base within this course, as they have provided important tools and resources in allowing me to understand some of the theories that have been discussed. My peers have been largely effective in addressing my concerns and in supporting my understanding of the concepts of the course. They introduced experiences to the discussion that were particularly beneficial because they provided a means of exploring the application of these theories in real-life settings that bridge the gaps more effectively. This was very encouraging and provided a means of exploring the different dynamics of these theories and how they apply to the work environment in different ways.

In the future, I believe that this course will provide me with a strong foundation for applying theoretical principles in my work with patients and in a team setting. These theories must be applied in such a manner that will enhance my delivery of care and treatment to my patients, and also in addressing and solving complex problems at the nursing practice level. As a team, myself and my colleagues must be prepared to manage the different aspects of the work environment and to use course principles to ensure that patient care as effective as possible, given the difficulties associated with balancing patient care delivery with other key objectives. It is important to develop strategies within the context of nursing practice that will have a lasting impact on patients and which will facilitate theoretical applications effectively and consistently to meet expectations.

One of the most interesting theories that has evolved in nursing practice to date was established by Nola Pender in 1975, known as the Theory of Health Promotion. This theory offers a number of concepts that have become increasingly relevant to the nursing practice setting, given the increased challenges experienced by patients that impact their health and wellbeing (Syx, 2008). Pender’s theory is applicable to advanced practice nursing because it reflects the importance of shaping an environment where patient care and treatment are likely to impact quality of life in significant ways; therefore, it is important to understand the patient as a human being and the many characteristics that contribute to this process in order to effectively manage outcomes in a positive manner. There must be a greater emphasis on understanding how to improve health through promotional activities that will impact patients across many different variables and to be mindful of the issues that may have a direct influence on outcomes. From this perspective, Pender’s model, which largely emphasizes the importance of understanding the dynamics between the environment and human health, are a reflection of the need to improve health through a steady state and to consider health as much larger than merely freedom from illness (Petiprin, 2015).

Pender’s theory also embodies the dynamic between the person, the environment, nursing, health, and illnesses in order to accomplish the desired objectives (Pender, 2011). From this perspective, the human condition is a product of the associations between these different objectives and in supporting a clearer approach to treating patients to achieve a high level of symbiosis (Pender, 2011). At this juncture, nurses must be able to effectively collaborate with each other in order to enhance the lives of their patients, while also considering other factors that may contribute to effective outcomes and long-term health for patients (Pender, 2011). Health is largely a product of individual behaviors, accompanied by self-care objectives, along with social interactions and the development of relationships that may have a lasting impact on patients over the long term (Petiprin, 2015).

In accordance with the Health Promotion Model, there must be a greater emphasis on the person and health behaviors in order to have the desired level of impact that will make a difference and support the growth of the practice model in a positive manner (Pender, 2011). Furthermore, it is important to identify the areas where relationships between nurses and their patients may be positive contributing factors to patient health and wellbeing (Hendricks, 2015). From a nursing perspective, it is essential to create opportunities for patients to manage their health effectively and to be engaged in a positive and meaningful approach to recovery that supports the coordination of care and treatment to impact patients (Hendricks, 2015). Recognizing the value of patient care and treatment is essential to the discovery of applications of this model that will have lasting benefits (Nursing Planet, 2012). Pender’s approach to health promotion demonstrates a need to explore the dimensions of care and treatment that are recognized as part of her experiences in the scientific era, whereby discoveries were abundant and nursing practice benefited from change and progress within scientific research and its application to the practice setting (University of Michigan School of Nursing, 2015). The adoption of Nola Pender’s model to nursing practice fills an important void regarding health promotion that is not always addressed, particularly when there is an emphasis on the development of an effective strategy to accomplish the objectives of the nursing profession and to be mindful of the steps that are required to achieve growth at a high level. Health promotion activities must be a critical component of any discussion regarding patient health and wellbeing, as this process reflects a need to examine the context of care and treatment and what is required to ensure that patient health is optimized, given the conditions that are present. Patient health is challenged by the overall development of perspectives that influence the profession and which demonstrate the value of recognizing the patient as a person and the surrounding environment’s impact on health.

For a patient with diabetes or another chronic condition that requires continuous treatment, it is important to develop a strategy that will utilize the key priorities of health promotion in order to effectively manage the outcomes that will be achieved. Therefore, Nola Pender’s Health Promotion Model will demonstrate the importance of balancing health objectives with the environment and a need for greater acknowledgement of the human being and behaviors in advancing nursing-based objectives at a high level. Patients with a chronic illness must be provided with a platform to maintain their health and to promote healing; therefore, Pender’s model is designed to accomplish this objective and to make a difference in the lives of patients. At the same time, the model is grounded in the development of relationships that will influence outcomes and which will impact patient care at a high level. Nurses must be able to care for patients and to optimize their treatment plans with proven strategies that will influence behavioral change that is based upon prior evidence. In this context, nurses are able to be effective when they provide guidance, support, and knowledge that will have a significant impact on patient care and treatment at a high level, using a consistent approach to achieve this objective. This will be influential in supporting the need for collaborative care that is not only relationship-based, but is grounded in theoretical principles to achieve effective outcomes.

With the chosen scenario, one model that would be highly ineffective for this patient population is the concept of primary nursing, whereby a single nurse is responsible for providing care and treatment to the patient throughout the period of need, which translates into an experience that is grounded in a 1:1 relationship between nurse and patient (Current Nursing, 2012). This theory would not be applied successfully to the nursing practice environment for chronic disease because it is in direct contrast to Pender’s model, which emphasizes collaborative care and relationship development within a team setting. Therefore, the primary nursing model would not be an effective contributor to the overall development of a successful nursing environment that could have lasting benefits for the patient population who faces one or more chronic diseases (Current Nursing, 2012). Furthermore, this model is largely cost prohibitive because it requires nurses who are assigned to patients to essentially provide around-the-clock care to patients, which is the opposite of most areas of modern nursing practice that involve a team-based approach to nursing to promote a highly collaborative and communicative nursing environment. If a patient were to receive care from the same nurse throughout the course of treatment without any other interaction with other nurses, it is possible that the patient could experience setbacks if the nurse in charge does not have the knowledge, experience, or insight that is necessary to address the patient’s situation effectively and with the intent to improve his or her quality of life. In this context, it is important for nurses to be mindful of the issues related to patient care that influence outcomes and which impact their recovery.

As a professional nurse, it is important to identify the theories and concepts that will have a lasting impact on patient health, applying these approaches to meet patient needs across different areas. Therefore, it is important to identify these tools to develop strategies for growth that will translate into effective results for patients. When patients receive the best possible care and treatment that is available. Pender’s Model of Health Promotion offers a critical application of nursing-based concepts and knowledge that will have a lasting impact on health and wellbeing for patients. It is expected that this model will demonstrate a high level of influence on nurses in how they interact with patients on an individual basis and as a team. When nurses are able to break through patient walls and provide an environment where behavioral change is possible to improve health, this is an effective means of applying this theory to nursing-based practice and direct patient care.

For nurses who apply Pender’s model to the practice setting, it is important to address each of the metaparadigms of nursing theory in different ways in order to accomplish mutually beneficial goals and objectives in a positive and meaningful manner. To be specific, nursing practice objectives must be executed in a professional manner with a high level of consistency in order to be effective in meeting the goals and objectives of the practice setting, thereby maintaining a continuous approach to nursing care that promotes excellence and strength in communication, application, and knowledge. This reflects a need to explore the different dimensions of the nursing profession and what is required to meet the desired objectives, while also balancing the needs of patients in a timely and effective manner at all times.

Nurses must also take cues from the surrounding environment, which includes a patient’s overall experiences and level of understanding of his or her surroundings and how they impact their health in different ways (Bender & Feldman, 2015). There must be a successful strategy in place to explore the environment and how it impacts patient health, given the dimensions of this setting and what is necessary to facilitate effective treatment results (Bender & Feldman, 2015). Therefore, the delivery of patient care and treatment must be based upon cues and perspectives from the surrounding environment and how to administer patient care and treatment effectively and consistently (Bender & Feldman, 2015).

The person and health must be aligned so that there is a level of cooperation that will be effective in supporting optimal recovery and a positive and healthy dynamic. Under these conditions, it is necessary for nurses to effectively adapt to change and to be mindful of the issues that will impact health in different ways. It is important for the patient as a person to receive the care and treatment that is required to preserve health and to optimize the conditions under which patients are able to thrive. These factors will demonstrate a commitment to nursing-based care and treatment that supports the preservation of patient care quality as best as possible.

As a nursing professional, I must adopt a number of different perspectives to the practice environment in order to meet the goals and expectations that have been established. This reflects a need to explore the dimensions of nursing practice that will have lasting benefits for patients and which will encourage patients to modify their behaviors as necessary to improve their health. Health promotion is an essential component of all cultures and population groups; therefore, I must be prepared to apply this model to a variety of areas of the practice setting in order to accomplish the desired objectives in care and treatment. At the same time, I must be able to support the objectives of the model in advancing the needs of the patient population and in facilitating effective results that will have a lasting impact on patient health and wellbeing.

As a healthcare professional, I must embody the core values and beliefs of the nursing profession in a positive manner that will have a lasting impact on patient wellbeing. This includes the application of the model to patients with chronic illnesses, as this is a critical factor in their development and the expectations that are derived from this model (Chan, Chiu, Bezyak, & Keegan, 2012). The model must reflect a greater understanding and acknowledgement of nursing practice as a critical component of meeting patient needs, assessing the surrounding environment, and in making decisions that will positively impact the patient care setting (Raingruber, 2012). There must be a significant emphasis on the development of a framework to improve the health of all patients that is grounded in promoting positive behaviors that will translate into healthy outcomes at a high level (Raingruber, 2012).

Finally, as a professional nurse, my application of the theories and principles that I have learned through my coursework will demonstrate my grasp of the material and how this knowledge impacts my professional career goals and objectives. I strive to understand patient needs more effectively and to recognize patterns of care and treatment that could have a positive impact on their health, including the application of Pender’s model to their situations. This will impact the ability to make decisions on behalf of patients in a manner that is consistent with the objectives of the nursing profession and the overall understanding of ideas and frameworks to impact patient health through behavioral interventions, relationship development, and other tools that will improve health and wellbeing at a high level at all times.

Bender, M., & Feldman, M. S. (2015). A Practice Theory Approach to Understanding the Interdependency of Nursing Practice and the Environment: Implications for Nurse-Led Care Delivery Models.  Advances in Nursing Science ,  38 (2), 96-109.

Chan, F., Chiu, C. Y., Bezyak, J. L., & Keegan, J. (2012). Introduction to health promotion for people with chronic illness and disability.  Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin ,  56 (1), 3-6.

Current Nursing (2012). Models of nursing care delivery. Retrieved from http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/models_of_nursing_care_delivery.html

Hendricks, K. (2015). Analysis of Pender’s Health promotion model. Retrieved from https://otterbein.digication.com/kathryn_hendricks_rn_msn_npbc/Application_of_Theory_Research

Nursing Planet (2012). Health promotion model. Retrieved from http://nursingplanet.com/health_promotion_model.html

Pender, N. J. (2011). Heath Promotion Model Manual. Petiprin, A. (2015). Health promotion model. Retrieved from http://www.nursing-theory.org/theories-and-models/pender-health-promotion-model.php

Raingruber, B. (2012). Health education, health promotion, and health: What do these definitions have to do with nursing.  Contemporary Health Promotion in Nursing Practice , 1-24.

Syx, R.L. (2008). The practice of patient education: the theoretical perspective. Orthopaedic  Nursing, 27(1), 50-54.

University of Michigan School of Nursing (2015). Nola J. Pender. Retrieved from http://nursing.umich.edu/faculty-staff/nola-j-pender

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