preliminary literature review concept paper sample

Preliminary Literature Review: A Guide for Effective Research

Discover the importance of a preliminary literature review in research and learn systematic techniques to conduct one effectively.

In the realm of scientific research, a thorough understanding of existing knowledge and developments in a specific field is essential for driving new discoveries. This is where a preliminary literature review comes into play, serving as the foundation for any successful research endeavor. In this article, we will delve into the significance of a preliminary literature review, explore its purpose, outline the steps involved, provide useful tips, and highlight the benefits of conducting this critical process.

Introduction to Preliminary Literature Review

The preliminary literature review serves as an initial investigation into the existing body of knowledge surrounding a research topic. It involves identifying and analyzing relevant sources to gain a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter. By conducting a preliminary literature review, researchers can uncover existing theories, identify knowledge gaps, and formulate research questions that contribute to the advancement of their field.

Purpose of a Preliminary Literature Review

The primary purpose of a preliminary literature review is to establish a strong foundation for the research project. It aids researchers in understanding the historical context, current trends, and gaps in knowledge related to their research topic. By reviewing existing literature, researchers can refine their research questions, develop appropriate methodologies, and avoid duplicating previous studies. A well-executed preliminary literature review enables researchers to build upon existing knowledge and contribute original insights to the scientific community.

Steps Involved in a Preliminary Literature Review

Identifying keywords and sources.

The first step in conducting a preliminary literature review is identifying keywords and sources relevant to the research topic. Keywords are essential for effective database searches, allowing researchers to locate pertinent articles, books, and other resources. It is crucial to select appropriate databases, such as PubMed , Scopus , or Web of Science, based on the subject area. Additionally, consulting experts, exploring reference lists of relevant publications, and utilizing citation-tracking tools can help researchers identify valuable sources.

Evaluating and Selecting Sources

Once researchers identify potential sources, they must evaluate their relevance, credibility, and quality. Critical evaluation ensures the inclusion of reliable and authoritative information in the preliminary literature review. Researchers should consider factors such as the author’s expertise, publication date, peer-review status, and the reputation of the journal or conference. Selecting high-quality sources enhances the validity and reliability of the review, strengthening the foundation of the research.

Identifying Themes, Debates, and Gaps

After gathering a range of sources, researchers should analyze and identify common themes, debates and gaps within the existing literature. Themes represent recurring topics or ideas, while debates involve conflicting viewpoints or unresolved issues. Identifying these aspects helps researchers understand the current state of knowledge and potential areas for further exploration. Recognizing gaps in existing literature enables researchers to formulate research questions that address unresolved issues and contribute to the advancement of their field.

Outlining the Structure of the Literature Review

Creating a clear and logical structure is crucial for organizing the preliminary literature review effectively. Researchers should establish a coherent flow of ideas, grouping related concepts together and providing a seamless transition between sections. An outline can serve as a roadmap for the review, ensuring that all key aspects are covered. By organizing the literature review in a structured manner, researchers can present their findings in a cohesive and engaging way.

Writing the Preliminary Literature Review

Introduction.

The introduction of the preliminary literature review sets the stage by providing a brief overview of the research topic, highlighting its significance, and explaining the objectives of the review. It should capture the reader’s attention, establish the context, and clearly state the research questions or objectives that the review aims to address.

Body of the Literature Review

The body of the preliminary literature review presents a critical analysis of the identified sources. It should discuss the main themes, debates, and gaps in the existing literature, highlighting key findings and theories. Researchers should compare and contrast different perspectives, evaluate the strengths and limitations of each study, and synthesize the information to generate new insights. Proper citation and referencing are essential to acknowledge the contributions of other researchers.

The conclusion of the preliminary literature review should summarize the key findings, emphasize the importance of the research topic, and outline potential avenues for future research. It should also address any unresolved debates or gaps in the existing literature and highlight the significance of the research project to be proposed.

Proofreading and Editing

Once you write the preliminary literature review, it is crucial to proofread and edit the document meticulously. Researchers should ensure that the review is free of grammatical errors, typos, and formatting inconsistencies. Proofreading also helps in refining the clarity and coherence of the review, enhancing its overall quality and readability.

Learn more about editing and proofreading in this article .

Tips for Writing an Effective Preliminary Literature Review

• Start early : Initiate the preliminary literature review early in the research process to allow ample time for thorough exploration and analysis.
• Be systematic : Develop a clear plan and follow a systematic approach to ensure comprehensive coverage of relevant literature.
• Take detailed notes : Maintain organized notes while reviewing sources, highlighting key points, and recording relevant citations for easy reference.
• Stay focused : Maintain a clear focus on the research objectives and avoid being sidetracked by irrelevant or tangential information.
• Seek feedback : Share the preliminary literature review with peers or mentors to gather valuable feedback and incorporate suggestions for improvement.

Common Mistakes to Avoid when Writing a Preliminary Literature Review

• Lack of focus : Failing to establish a clear focus or research question can lead to a scattered and unfocused literature review.
• Insufficient analysis : Merely summarizing existing literature without critically analyzing the findings and identifying gaps limits the value of the review.
• Over-reliance on a single source : Relying heavily on a single source may introduce bias and limit the breadth of the literature review.
• Poor organization : Inadequate structuring and organization can make the review confusing and difficult to follow, hindering the reader’s understanding.

Benefits of Conducting a Preliminary Literature Review

Conducting a preliminary literature review offers several benefits to researchers. It helps researchers:

• Gain a comprehensive understanding of existing knowledge;
• Identify gaps and research opportunities;
• Develop research questions and hypotheses;
• Refine research methodologies and study designs;
• Avoid duplication and build upon existing research;
• Contribute original insights to the scientific community.

Tools and Resources for Conducting a Preliminary Literature Review

Several tools and resources can assist researchers in conducting a preliminary literature review effectively. Databases like PubMed , Scopus , and Web of Science offer vast collections of academic articles. Reference management tools such as EndNote, Zotero, and Mendeley facilitate organizing and citing sources. Furthermore, online communities and forums like ResearchGate provide opportunities to connect with other researchers and access valuable insights.

Examples of Good Preliminary Literature Reviews

Researchers can search for literature review examples on academic databases, such as PubMed , Google Scholar , or institutional repositories, by using relevant keywords related to their research topic. Additionally, many universities and research institutions have their own online databases where you can find literature reviews published by their faculty members or researchers.

When searching for literature reviews, it is helpful to include specific keywords related to your research topic, followed by phrases such as “literature review” or “systematic review.” This will help narrow down your search results and find relevant examples in your field of study.

Remember to cite properly any sources you use in your research and adhere to the referencing style required by your institution or publisher.

In conclusion, a preliminary literature review is an indispensable component of scientific research, providing researchers with a solid foundation for their investigations. By following the outlined steps, researchers can conduct a thorough review, identify gaps in knowledge, and contribute to their field. Writing an effective preliminary literature review requires meticulous attention to detail, critical analysis, and adherence to proper citation practices. With the right tools and resources, researchers can enhance their understanding of existing knowledge and effectively communicate their scientific findings.

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How to Write a PhD Concept Paper

A concept paper – or concept note – is one of the initial requirements of a PhD programme. It is normally written during the PhD application process as well as early on in the programme once a student has been admitted.

A concept paper is basically a shorter version of a research proposal – in most cases between 2,000 and 2,500 words – that expresses the research ideas of the potential PhD student.

Besides being short, it should be concise yet have adequate details to convince the Department the student is applying to that he/she is worth being admitted to the programme.

Example of a title with a sub-title

References/bibliography, why do phd programmes require applicants to submit a concept paper.

A concept paper serves four main purposes:

• It gives the Department the student is applying to an idea of the student’s research interests.
• Based on point one, it informs the Department whether the student will be a good fit to the Department or not. To be a good fit, the research interests of the applicant should match those of the Department’s faculty.
• Based on the two points above, it enables the Department to offer support to the student throughout his/her PhD studies in the form of supervision and mentorship.
• Because the concept paper is written – and must be accepted – before the full proposal, it saves the student time and effort that would otherwise be spent on topics that may end up being rejected by the Department. A concept paper is therefore the first step to writing the PhD thesis/dissertation (see the figure below).

Format of a PhD Concept Paper

The format of a concept paper might vary from one university to another. A PhD student should therefore read the guidelines provided by his/her University of interest before writing a concept paper.

In general, the following is a common format of a concept paper:

Title of proposed study

The title of the proposed study is the first element of a concept paper.

The title should describe what the study is about by highlighting the variables of the study and the relationship between the variables if applicable.

The title should be short and specific: it is best to have a title that is not more than 15 words’ long.

Example of a title:

Use of Mobile Phone Applications for Weight Management in the United States

In order to add more specificity to the title, you can add a subtitle to the main title. The title and subtitle should be separated by a full colon.

Use of Mobile Phone Applications for Weight Management in the United States:

A Behavioural Economics’ Analysis

Background to the study

The background to the study contains the following elements:

• The history of the topic, both globally and in the proposed location of your study.
• What other researchers have found out from their own studies.
• What the gaps in the existing literature are, that is, what the other researchers have not addressed.
• What your study will contribute towards filling the identified gaps.

The implication of the above is that one must have conducted some literature review prior to writing the background to the study.

Statement of the problem

The statement of the problem is a clear description of the issue that the study will address, the relevance of the issue, the importance (benefits) of addressing the issue, and the method the researcher will use to address the issue.

Goal and objectives of the study

Once you have identified the problem of your study, the next step is to write the goal and objectives of the study. There is a difference between these two:

The goal of the study is a broad statement of what the researcher hopes to accomplish at the end of the study. The goal should also be related to the problem statement.

Any given project should have one goal because having many goals would lead to confusion. However, that one goal can have multiple elements in it, which would be accomplished through the project’s objectives.

The objectives of the study, on the other hand, are specific and detailed statements of how the researcher will go about accomplishing the stated goal.

The objectives should:

• Support the accomplishment of the goal.
• Follow a sequence, that is, like a step-by-step order. This will help you frame the activities needed to be undertaken in a logical manner so that the goal is achieved.
• Be stated using action verbs, for instance, “to identify”, “to create”, “to establish”, “to measure”, etc.
• Be about 3-4: having too few of objectives will limit the scope of your PhD dissertation, while having too many objectives may complicate the dissertation.
• Be SMART, that is, Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Time-bound.

The video below clearly explains how to set SMART goals and objectives:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MAhs-m6cNzY

Important tip 1: depending on your PhD programme, you may be required to have at least 3 journal papers to qualify for graduation. Each of your objectives can be converted into a separate journal paper on its own.

Research questions and hypotheses

Every PhD dissertation needs research questions. Research questions will help the student stay focused on his/her research.

The aim of the research is to provide answers to the research questions. The answers to the questions will form the thesis statement.

Examples of research questions:

In the title example given earlier about use of mobile phone applications for weight management in the United States, a student may be interested in the following questions:

• To what extent do adults in the United States use mobile phone applications to manage their weight?
• Is there any gender disparity in the use of mobile phone apps for weight management in the United States?
• How effective are mobile apps for weight management in the United States?

Good research questions are those that can be explored deeply and widely as well as defended using evidence. Questions with ‘yes” or “no” responses are not academic-worthy.

When developing research questions, you also need to think about the data that will be required to answer the questions. Do you have access to that data? If no, will your time and financial resources allow you to collect that data?

Important tip 2: Your PhD study is time-limited therefore data requirement issues need to be thought through at the initial stages of your concept paper writing so that you don’t waste too much time either collecting the data in the future or trying to access the data if it already exists elsewhere.

Preliminary literature review

At the concept paper stage, a preliminary literature review serves three main purposes:

• It shows whether you have knowledge of the current state of debate about your chosen topic.
• It shows whether you are familiar with the experts in your chosen topic.
• It also helps you identify the research gaps.

Proposed research design, methods and procedures

This sections provides a brief overview of the research methodology that you will adopt in your study. Some issues to consider include:

• Will your study use quantitative, qualitative or mixed-methods approach?
• Will you use secondary or primary data?
• What will be the sources of your data? Will you need any ethical clearance from your university before collecting data?
• Will the data sources be readily accessible?
• Will you use external assistance for data collection? Or will you do all the data collection yourself?
• How will the data be analysed? Which softwares will you use? Are you competent in those softwares?

While the above issues are important to think through, please note that the research design and methods will be informed by your research objectives and research questions. As an illustration:

A research question that aims to measure the effect of one (or more) variable(s) on another variable will definitely require quantitative research methods.

On the other hand, a research question that aims to explain the existence of a phenomenon will render itself to the use of qualitative research methods.

Contribution to knowledge

This is perhaps the most important aspect of a PhD dissertation. Your concept note needs to briefly highlight how your project will add value to knowledge.

Making significant contribution to knowledge at the PhD level does not mean a Nobel prize standard of knowledge (this you can do after your PhD when you’ll have all the time in the world to do so). You can achieve this in various ways:

• New applications of existing ideas.
• New interpretations of previous ideas.
• Investigating an existing issue in a new location.
• Development of a new theory.
• Coming up with a new technique, among others.

The last section of the concept paper is the reference list or bibliography. This is the section that lists the literatures that you have reviewed and cited in your paper.

There is a slight difference between a reference list and a bibliography:

A reference list includes all those studies that have been directly cited in the paper.

A bibliography, on the other hand, includes all those studies that have been directly cited in the paper as well as those that were reviewed and consulted but not cited in the paper.

When creating the reference list/bibliography, one should be mindful of the referencing style that is required by their PhD department (that is, whether APA, MLA, Chicago, Havard, etc).

Final Thoughts on Writing a PhD Concept Paper

The concept paper is the first step to writing the PhD dissertation. Once accepted, the student will proceed to writing the proposal, which will then be defended before proceeding with writing the full dissertation.

The concept paper is a mini-proposal and has most of the components expected in the proposal.

However, the concept paper should be short and precise while at the same time have adequate information to enable the PhD Committee of the PhD Programme the student is applying to judge if the student will be a good fit to the programme or not.

Related posts

How To Choose a Research Topic For Your PhD Thesis (7 Key Factors to Consider)

Comprehensive Guidelines for Writing a PhD Thesis Proposal (+ free checklist for PhD Students)

Grace Njeri-Otieno

Grace Njeri-Otieno is a Kenyan, a wife, a mom, and currently a PhD student, among many other balls she juggles. She holds a Bachelors' and Masters' degrees in Economics and has more than 7 years' experience with an INGO. She was inspired to start this site so as to share the lessons learned throughout her PhD journey with other PhD students. Her vision for this site is "to become a go-to resource center for PhD students in all their spheres of learning."

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How to Write an Effective Ph.D. Concept Paper (A Brief Guide)

When applying for Ph.D., although academic qualifications matter, the ultimate determinant of whether a university accepts your application is the concept paper.

A concept paper or a concept note for research is essential for every Ph.D. student. This paper is written in the initial stages of a Ph.D. application or during the program after admissions.

A concept paper is essentially a shorter version of a research proposal. The aim is to ensure students understand what is expected when writing a thesis or dissertation. Therefore, you must know how to write a perfect concept paper to impress your supervisor and the Ph.D. admissions committee.

This blog in-depth blog article will show you the steps and tips for writing an impactful concept paper for a Ph.D. so that you become a pro at it and fulfill the requirements for the doctor of philosophy position.

What is a Concept Paper?

It takes special interest to become a Ph.D. student. As you take on the new academic journey, you must prepare for the research work ahead. As a Ph.D., you must contribute to theory by developing a new theory or content area, debunking an existing theory, or extending an existing theory to make sense in a given context.

In preparation for the Ph.D. research journey, you will write a concept note or concept paper that culminates into a research proposal and then the study itself.

Consider the Ph.D. concept paper as a blueprint or roadmap for your doctoral journey that guides your research work. It should outline the proposed research topic, aims and objectives, methodology, and potential contributions to the academic community.

Concept papers are essential for those pursuing a Ph.D. because they lay the foundation for writing a research paper (dissertation or complete thesis).

Concept papers outline ideas for a proposed research project. Most people will confuse a concept paper with a research proposal. While they may look similar, they vary in the writing process and presentation. A concept paper aims to explain what the research is about, the proposed research methodology (design, frameworks, and data collection/analysis methods), and why it is crucial.

It is often a short paper, mostly 2-3 pages long, which includes the proposed research title, a brief introduction to the topic, the aim of the study, problem and purpose statement, research questions or hypothesis, research methodology, data analysis methods, and the project timeline and budget.

Besides Ph.D. candidates, principal investigators, professionals, or researchers can also submit a concept paper to a funding body to secure financial support for a research project. Students in their final year of undergraduate or masters-level studies can also submit a concept paper before beginning a research project.

This article focuses on the Ph.D. level concept paper, although you can transfer the tips when writing any concept paper.

Related Reading: How to write a research proposal.

What is the Purpose of a Concept Paper?

You will be required to write a concept paper for many reasons. Some of these reasons are:

• Some universities use concept papers to screen Ph.D. candidates. It can best set you apart from potential candidates, especially if you propose a unique and beneficial research study.
• Your department will get an idea of why you are writing the paper. This will help them decide whether or not they are a good fit for the department and whether they qualify to pursue a doctorate.
• The supervising committee can assess whether the proposed study is feasible, ethical (if human subjects are involved), and worthwhile. If it is not, they might suggest considering another research question.
• A well-written concept paper will grab the committee's interest from the word go allowing them to seek funding for the project.
• A well-planned concept paper will establish a clear plan for writing a dissertation paper.
• The supervising committee can also carefully consider your understanding of the research topic and decide whether you need support.
• A concept paper is the first step to writing a Ph.D. dissertation. Since the paper must be accepted before the proposal is written, it saves the department and the student time and effort, which would have been spent writing a paper that would have been rejected.

Related Blog: How to write a Dissertation Proposal.

What are the Main Elements of a Research Concept Paper?

A concept paper must follow a structured procedure. It should have certain elements; otherwise, the supervising committee will reject it, and you will not continue your research. Even though there are no set rules for how it should be, there are certain elements that the paper should have. These elements are:

• Rationale - This is why you want to conduct the study. You have to outline the topic in question, state why you chose to focus on it, and include its significance and what gap(s) the research will fill. A rationale is almost similar to a literature review because it states the purpose and solutions for solving the problem.
• Conceptual framework - this is core in any study. It serves as a guide to research, showing the relationship between ideas and how they relate to the main research topic. The best way to come up with a conceptual framework is by using mind mapping. Create a list of relevant keywords and check where they can describe your topic concisely.
• A hypothesis is an expectation or prediction of what is to be tested. In other words, it is what you expect to be the study's outcome. Hypothesis arises from the conceptual framework.
• Project Description is a brief summary of the study's goals, objectives, and needs. It also includes the timeline of when the research is expected to be completed.
• Estimated Budget is a forecast of the money needed to complete the research or program. You should also briefly describe how the money will be utilized.

These are essential items to include in your concept paper. However, if your committee asks for a specific format, make sure you follow the format.

Below is a basic format for a concept paper outlining some of the contents:

• Introduction
• Problem statement
• Purpose statement
• Aims and objectives
• Research Design
• Research Methods (Sampling techniques, data collection instruments, data analysis methods)
• Contribution to knowledge

Altogether, these contents should be briefly covered without wasting words and space. Some concept papers, including references, can be as long as 2000-2500 words.

Related Blog Articles:

• How to write a perfect grant proposal.
• How to write the article for a journal article in a paper.

How to Write a Ph.D. Concept Paper: The Twelve Steps

The format of writing a concept paper will depend on the requirements of your university. Therefore, you should read all the guidelines to know what to expect. With that said, here are the general expectations of a concept paper.

Step 1: Understand the Purpose of the Concept Paper

A concept paper is a preliminary document that introduces your Ph.D. research idea to your academic advisors and the review committee.

It has to demonstrate your proposed research project's significance, feasibility, and originality.

The concept paper should lay the groundwork for your research and highlight your ability to articulate and plan a well-structured Ph.D. study.

The foremost step is to read the university's requirements so you can plan everything around.

Step 2: Choose a Sound Research Topic

At the Ph.D. level, you are expected to contribute to existing knowledge by:

• Developing a new theory or creating a new knowledge or content area
• Critiquing an existing theory and demonstrating its shortcomings
• Extending existing theories by merging knowledge and concepts from different related theories.

You need to, therefore, come up with a researchable topic that addresses an issue in the area or field of specialization.

You can choose a topic or problem based on your professional experience. You can also build on your master’s level research topic or project.

Research project teams and supervisors are also good platforms for getting unique topics.

Ultimately, you must research widely and read peer-reviewed scholarly journals to identify limitations and research gaps to compose a great topic and title for your Ph.D. study.

Step 3: Develop a Title of the Proposed Research

Assuming you have consulted widely and settled on a topic, creating a title comes first when writing a concept paper.

A title is a stand-alone statement that summarizes all your project ideas. You have to show an understanding of the subject by creating an accurate, descriptive, and interesting title.

According to the American Psychological Association , a good title should identify all the variables you are trying to investigate and show their relationship.

Ensure you avoid words that do not add meaning to the title.

Also, ensure the title is short and precise. If you want the title to be more specific, add a subtitle below it. Make sure you separate them using a colon. For example,

Mobile Apps for Weight Management: A Review of the Latest Evidence to Inform Practice

Step 4: Write the Background of the Research Study

Background or introduction is the first section of a concept paper. This is where you state the topic you want to address and briefly explain the causes of these problems. Ensure you explain this part correctly so your audience can understand it. Conclude this part by showing the "opportunity" available for you to "fix" the problem. The opportunity is usually in the form of your values or skills.

This section should contain the following:

• Global and local history of your topic
• Other researchers' contributions to the topic
• Gaps that exist in your field and what other researchers failed to achieve
• How will your study fill the gaps you've identified

The inference here is that you had conducted a literature review before you began writing.

Additionally, ensure you provide references for your narrative, as it will help you establish authority for all the data given.

Step 5: State the Problem

This is a brief and clear statement of what you want the study to address. It explains the purpose of your paper. It also introduces the topic you are trying to investigate and how your research will help solve it. Provide supporting documentation, such as statistical data, emphasizing why you must conduct the research. In addition, include the relevance of the problem and the methods to address them.

Write this section well to grab your target audience's attention and support. Even if you care about the research, you must convince them it is worth their time. So make sure you use intriguing words.

Step 6: Define your Goals and Objectives

After identifying the problem, the next step is writing down all your goals and objectives for the research. Take note that is a difference between goals and objectives.

The goal means what you expect to achieve once you have finalized the study. When writing this part, relate it to the problem at hand.

Every study should have only one goal. Having multiple goals can confuse both you and the reader. However, note that one goal can have multiple elements that can be accomplished through the set objectives for the projects.

Objectives are detailed statements of how you intend to accomplish the goal you have set for the project. These objectives should:

• Support you in achieving your goals.
• Be in a step-by-step format to help you achieve all the activities needed for the goal.
• State them using words like, measure, identify, create, etc.
• Not more than four. If they are few, they will likely limit the scope of your dissertation. If they are many, they will complicate it.
• Use the SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realist, Time-bound) tool. This tool can help you plan and set achievable goals.

Step 7: List the Research Questions  or Hypothesis

For every Ph.D. dissertation, you will be required to come up with a research question. A research question helps give an overview of what you are trying to investigate. Remember that the aim of any research is to come up with answers to questions. These answers then help in forming a thesis statement.

Research questions will help direct your research methodology. Including them in your concept paper will help show the link between the research and methodology used.

For many Ph.D. students, creating a research question is the most challenging part of writing a concept paper. This is because these questions will direct the whole project. Therefore, you must stay focused on the main issue of the research to come up with the right ones.

Consider the following examples of research questions for your project.

Are mobile apps effective for weight loss?

Are adults in the USA invested in using mobile phones to manage their weight?

Remember that a good research question can be explored deeply as you back it up with facts. Additionally, think of all the data that is needed for the questions. Think of whether you can access this data, and if not, how many resources are needed.

Step 8: Write a Preliminary Literature Review

When writing a concept paper, you must write a preliminary literature review to serve the following purpose.

• Show your audience that you are Knowledgeable about the topic you have chosen.
• Show your familiarity with the experts in your field.
• Identify any existing research gaps.

The literature review aims to identify all the major literature that will support your research topic. The literature review also allows you to analyze and synthesize previous research on the problem.

Make sure you connect your topic to the theoretical model you have identified in the literature.

Note that to develop a strong concept paper, you must base it on a wide range of literature and then minimize it into a critical point summary.

Step 9: Outline the Research Methodology

This part will show how you intend to conduct the research. It involves showing the relationship between the goals you have identified with the methods you plan to use in the research process. As you write this section, make sure you consider the following issues.

• Whether or not your study will use qualitative or quantitative methods or both
• Where you will rely on primary or secondary data
• Where will you source this data from
• Whether it will be easy to access the data
• Whether you plan to ask for assistance to access the data or you will handle everything yourself
• How do you plan to analyze this data, which software will you use, and whether you are good at using them?

Your research methods will be informed by the goals and objectives you set earlier. For instance,

If your research question is to measure the effectiveness of either one or more variables on another, you will use quantitative methods. On the other hand, if your research question aims to explain a phenomenon, then you will use qualitative methods.

You can also show how the project will be managed and the techniques used. If you will handle the project with the help of other people, write down the final team and the responsibilities laid down for them. This includes the sponsor of the project, key stakeholders, and support functions.

Establish the project's help chain and the required support sequence and timeframe. This will help identify the problems that arise during each stage.

Step 10: Create a Timeline (and a Budget)

You have to provide a timeline for your project. Present a realistic timeline for completing different stages of your Ph.D. research. This timeline will provide a glimpse of your research plan.

Your number of critical deliveries (milestones) defines a timeline. The success of the projects depends on these milestones should be connected to specific dates.

Setting milestones for your project will help in managing the flow of work. They also show that the project is on time. In addition, having a timeline show that your project is feasible and that you have considered all the practicalities of each phase of your study.

This section is crucial because it will help you manage your time and work.

If your project should be completed within 17 weeks, the timeline can be like this.

• Title - 1 week
• Introduction -1 week
• Need for the Study-2 weeks.
• Background -3 weeks
• Goal and Objectives - 1 week
• Research Questions or Hypothesis -1 week
• Preliminary Literature Review -3 weeks
• Research Methodology- 2 weeks
• Knowledge contribution- 2 weeks
• Reference – 1 week

Step 11: Outline the Expected Contributions

Clearly articulate the potential contributions your Ph.D. research will make to the academic community and the real-world implications/applications of your findings.

Explain how your research can fill gaps in existing knowledge and offer practical applications.

Contribution of knowledge refers to information provided to increase the project's team's efficiency. This is perhaps the most crucial part of a Ph.D. dissertation.

You need to show your project's value to the existing knowledge. Show why people should give your research a moment of their time.

Making significant knowledge to study us is crucial at the Ph.D. level, but this does not mean your project must meet Nobel Prize standards. However, there are things you can do to ensure it meets these standards:

• Come up with a new theory.
• Provide new interpretations of previous ideas.
• Conduct research on an existing problem in a new location.

Step 12: Include Bibliography/References

The last part of your concept papers is the bibliography or references. A reference to a detailed description of the sources of your information. It aims at avoiding plagiarism by showing the words, phrases, and ideas that are your own. The references here are usually in the form of a list you write at the end of the paper.

Checklist for a Ph.D. Concept Paper

Take note of the following before you write a concept paper.

• The chosen topic should interest you.
• The topic should be academic inquiry and not casual.
• Ensure the chosen questions can be researched by different academic means instead of opinions that cannot be verified.
• All questions should be answerable through research.
• Make sure you state at least one hypothesis.

You should remember that a well-written concept paper not only gives you a roadmap for the Ph.D. journey. It also impresses your academic advisors or Ph.D. admissions committee. You have to ensure it is perfect by all standards.

Actionable Tips for Writing a Concept Paper

You must have the right tips to guide you to write an effective concept paper. These tips are:

1. Read Extensively

Before writing the paper, you must read what others have written about a similar topic in your field. This will give you a sense of what is expected, what research has been done in your field, current trends about the methodology you plan to use, and substantial findings to support your research.

2. Understand the Instructions Given

Like any other academic paper, a concept paper comes with instructions from the supervising committee. However, the number of students who jump into writing without reading the instructions will surprise you. This alone contributes to otherwise avoidable poor grades.

Therefore, carefully read the prompt and look for specific words such as length, formatting, and citation.

Once you understand the instructions, it will be easy to write your concept paper.

3. Be Direct

Avoid beating around the bush when writing a concept paper. Your paper should be clear and concise to make an impact. Concise writing does not mean using a few words but the strongest words to show what you mean.

4. Keep it the Required Length

A concept paper for your Ph.D. project should not be more than three pages long. That is between 250-500 words. Remember that the aim is to give a clear summary of the project you intend to do. So do not overwhelm your target audience with too much information that may be unnecessary.

5. Ask Yourself the Write Questions

One of the best ways to refine your research question is to ask yourself questions. Your idea is raw and unstructured at this stage of writing your concept paper, so no one will understand it. You need to refine it as much as you can.

Asking yourself questions about the idea, you must refine and clarify them.

7. Revise and Edit Your Paper

The first step to editing your work is checking for any errors that may negatively affect your work. Revising involves cutting, omitting, moving, and changing words or phrases to improve your writing. Look closely at your work during editing to check for punctuation, grammar, and spelling errors. Also, make sure you check for sentence structure and tone. This Ph.D. paper demands high standards.

Sample Ph.D. Concept Paper

Title: Exploring the Impacts of Virtual Reality on Spatial Cognition and Navigation Skills: A Mixed-Methods Investigation Introduction Spatial cognition and navigation skills are fundamental cognitive abilities crucial in our everyday lives. As technology advances, virtual reality (VR) has become a powerful tool for simulating real-world environments and experiences. This Ph.D. research aims to explore the impacts of virtual reality on spatial cognition and navigation skills, with the ultimate goal of enhancing human performance and understanding the implications for future technological applications. Research Problem and Objectives The research problem revolves around understanding how exposure to virtual reality environments affects individuals' spatial cognition and navigation skills compared to real-world experiences. The primary objectives of this study are: To assess the differences in spatial cognition between individuals who regularly use VR and those who do not. To investigate the effects of VR exposure on navigation abilities and spatial memory. To explore VR's potential benefits and limitations for spatial training and cognitive enhancement. Background and Rationale Spatial cognition and navigation skills are essential for wayfinding, environmental exploration, and efficient decision-making. Prior research has shown that environmental and experiential factors can significantly influence an individual's spatial abilities. With the rise of VR technology, there is a growing need to understand how virtual experiences may affect human cognition. The significance of this research lies in its potential to inform the development of VR applications that optimize spatial learning and training. Additionally, it may shed light on how VR can address spatial cognitive impairments in individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders or age-related decline. Theoretical Framework The theories of embodied cognition and spatial learning will guide this study. Embodied cognition posits that cognition is influenced by bodily experiences, suggesting that virtual experiences may have a comparable effect on spatial cognition as real-world experiences. On the other hand, spatial learning theories emphasize the role of environmental cues and memory processes in shaping navigation skills. Methodology This research will employ a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative assessments with qualitative interviews. The study will involve two groups of participants: one group with regular VR users and another with limited or no VR exposure. Quantitative Phase: Conduct standardized spatial cognition tests (e.g., Mental Rotations Test, Water Maze Task) to measure participants' baseline spatial abilities. Administer a series of navigation tasks within both virtual and real-world environments. Analyze the data using appropriate statistical techniques to compare performance between the two groups. Qualitative Phase: Conduct semi-structured interviews with participants to explore their experiences and perceptions of spatial cognition in virtual and real-world scenarios. Employ thematic analysis to identify recurring themes and insights from the interviews. Potential Limitations and Challenges Some potential limitations of this research include the difficulty of precisely replicating real-world scenarios in virtual environments and the variability of individual differences in spatial cognition. Additionally, the study's generalizability may be limited to the specific VR technology and environments used in the experiment. Expected Contributions This Ph.D. research aims to contribute to the emerging field of virtual reality and its impact on human cognition. The findings could lead to practical applications, such as using VR for spatial training in educational settings or designing more user-friendly virtual environments that support spatial cognition. Conclusion This Ph.D. concept paper outlines a comprehensive investigation into the impacts of virtual reality on spatial cognition and navigation skills. This study seeks to advance our understanding of the relationship between VR experiences and human spatial abilities by employing a mixed-methods approach and grounding the research in theoretical frameworks. Through this research, we hope to pave the way for future advancements in VR technology, ultimately benefiting various domains, including education, healthcare, and human-computer interaction.

Final Word on Writing a Great Concept Paper

A concept paper is an essential academic text written by those pursuing a Ph.D. program. It initiates the phase of a dissertation for the Ph.D. program. Once the supervising committee approves it, you will write your proposal before moving to a dissertation. In other words, the concept paper is like a mini version of a research proposal, only that it is meant to be brief. It is like a mini-proposal; make it brief, concise, and coherent.

You have to know how to write it correctly by starting with a title page, background, statement of the problem, etc. Include every section to ensure your work flows well and covers what is needed.

Although writing a Ph.D. concept paper can be intimidating initially, you can use the steps and tips outlined in this article to excel at it. If you need help writing a concept paper, we have erudite writers who can help you. Our expert Ph.D. writers will create a well-researched, organized, and polished concept paper that is 100% original and written based on your instructions. We allow you to connect and directly engage with your doctoral writers as they work on your paper.

Is Concept Paper Short or Long?

A concept paper is short, but this will vary depending on the university. This piece of writing shows all the components of your Ph.D. research project. It aims to give the project an overview so the supervising committee can understand.

How Many Pages Should a Concept Paper Be?

The university or the Ph.D. program you are pursuing will determine the number of pages of a concept paper. Usually, it ranges between 2-3 pages, but it can go up to 20 pages, primarily if written as part of a funding process.

Gradecrest is a professional writing service that provides original model papers. We offer personalized services along with research materials for assistance purposes only. All the materials from our website should be used with proper references. See our Terms of Use Page for proper details.

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Published by Nicolas at January 16th, 2024 , Revised On January 23, 2024

Literature Review Examples – How To Write One?

A literature review is a critical analysis of existing scholarly literature on a particular topic. It is often required as part of academic assignments, such as research papers , theses, and dissertations. However, writing a good literature review can be challenging, especially for first-time students. 

Table of Contents

This blog will guide you on how to write a literature review and provide you with exceptional literature review examples that work well in the universities in Canada for your assistance. Let’s get started.

What Is A Literature Review?

A literature review is not merely a summary of existing works; instead, it is a comprehensive analysis that identifies gaps, trends, and patterns within a particular subject area. A well-executed literature review establishes the context for your research and hypothesis and demonstrates your awareness of existing scholarship. Moreover, it showcases your ability to engage with academic discourse critically.

Purpose Of A Literature Review

The purpose of a literature review is to:

• Demonstrate your knowledge of the existing literature on your topic.
• Identify the key themes, debates, and gaps in the literature.
• Position your own research in the context of the existing literature.
• Show how your research will contribute to the field.

How To Write A Literature Review Example

Writing a literature review involves a systematic and organized approach. Follow the research paper format stated by your organization. Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you write an effective literature review:

Step 1: Define The Scope And Purpose

• Clearly define the research question, thesis statement, or topic you want to address in your literature review.
• Determine the scope of your review by setting boundaries for the time period, geographic location, and specific aspects of the topic you want to cover.
• Identify the purpose of your literature review, such as providing an overview, identifying gaps in existing research, or evaluating the current state of knowledge.

Step 2: Conduct A Comprehensive Literature Search

• Use academic databases, library catalogues, and search engines to find relevant literature. Common databases include PubMed , Google Scholar , and specialized databases related to your field.
• Use a combination of keywords and controlled vocabulary to refine your search.
• Keep track of the sources you find, including bibliographic information, abstracts, and key findings.
• Read professionally written examples of literature review for better understanding.

Step 3: Evaluate And Select Sources

• Critically evaluate the quality and relevance of each source. Consider the credibility of the author, the publication venue, and the methodology used in the studies.
• Organize the selected sources into themes or categories based on commonalities and differences.
• Identify key theories, concepts, or methodologies that are central to your topic.
• For example, in a finance thesis , add sources that are only relevant to the specific topic of finance that you wish to explore. 

Step 4: Synthesize Information

• Summarize the main findings and arguments of each source, highlighting key themes and trends.
• Identify areas of agreement and disagreement among the sources.
• Organize the information in a logical and coherent manner. You can use a chronological, thematic, or methodological approach, depending on the nature of your literature review.

Step 5: Write And Revise

• Start with an introduction that provides context for your literature review and clearly states the research question or purpose.
• Organize the body of your literature review based on the themes or categories you identified during the synthesis.
• Discuss each source in relation to your research question, highlighting key findings and their implications.
• Conclude by summarizing the main contributions of the literature to your research question and identifying any gaps or areas for future research.
• Revise and edit your literature review for clarity, coherence, and conciseness.

APA Literature Review Example

Whether you are writing a literature review in APA or MLA , follow the guidelines provided on the websites. Here is a comprehensive example of a literature review in APA that will provide a better understanding of how to write a literature review. 

Literature Review: The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health in Adolescents

Social media has become an integral part of the lives of adolescents, with platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and Snapchat dominating their online experiences. As the prevalence of social media continues to rise, there is a growing concern about its potential impact on the mental health of adolescents. This literature review aims to explore and analyze existing research on the relationship between social media usage and mental health outcomes in the adolescent population.

Social Media Usage Patterns

Several studies have investigated the patterns of social media usage among adolescents. Smith et al. (2017) found that 95% of adolescents aged 13-17 have access to a smartphone, and 85% use at least one social media platform regularly. Additionally, Jones and Brown (2019) reported that the average time spent on social media by adolescents is approximately 3 hours per day.

Cyberbullying and Mental Health

One of the negative consequences associated with social media use is the prevalence of cyberbullying. Patchin and Hinduja (2018) highlighted that adolescents who experience cyberbullying are more likely to report symptoms of depression and anxiety. This finding is consistent with a longitudinal study by Williams et al. (2016), which demonstrated a significant association between cyberbullying victimization and increased risk of mental health problems in adolescents.

Social Comparison and Body Image

Social media platforms often facilitate social comparison, which has been linked to body image dissatisfaction and low self-esteem among adolescents. Fardouly et al. (2020) conducted a meta-analysis of 15 studies and found a moderate effect size, indicating a strong association between social media use and negative body image. Moreover, Perloff (2014) argued that constant exposure to idealized images on social media contributes to unrealistic beauty standards, impacting adolescents’ self-perception and mental well-being.

Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) and Anxiety

The Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) is a psychological phenomenon associated with anxiety and stress related to the fear of not being included or missing out on experiences others are having. Primack et al. (2017) conducted a cross-sectional analysis and discovered a positive correlation between higher social media use, FOMO, and increased levels of anxiety among adolescents. This suggests that the constant connectivity promoted by social media may contribute to heightened feelings of social comparison and anxiety.

Positive Aspects of Social Media Use

While there is a substantial body of literature examining the negative impacts of social media on adolescent mental health, some studies suggest positive aspects as well. Moreno et al. (2018) conducted a survey and found that social media can serve as a valuable platform for emotional expression, social support, and positive social interactions among adolescents. Additionally, the study by Wang and Burke (2020) indicated that strategic and limited use of social media may contribute to positive mental health outcomes.

The existing literature provides a deep understanding of the complex relationship between social media use and mental health outcomes in adolescents. While some studies highlight the negative impacts, such as cyberbullying, social comparison, and anxiety, others acknowledge the positive aspects, such as social support and positive interactions. Future research should focus on the development of effective interventions and guidelines to promote healthy social media use among adolescents.

Types Of Literature Review

There are several types of literature reviews, each serving different purposes and objectives. Here are some common types:

Narrative Or Traditional Literature Review

• Provides a comprehensive overview of the existing literature on a particular topic.
• Summarizes and synthesizes information from various sources without a specific methodological approach.

Systematic Literature Review

• Follows a systematic and structured approach to identify, analyze, and synthesize relevant literature.
• Involves a clearly defined research question and a detailed search strategy.
• Aims to minimize bias and subjectivity in the selection and analysis of studies.

Systematic Literature Review Example

Conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, this systematic literature review focuses on the efficacy of cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) for anxiety disorders in pediatric populations. A comprehensive search across databases identified 25 relevant studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Results indicate consistent positive outcomes in symptom reduction across various anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety and social anxiety (Jones et al., 2020; Smith & Brown, 2019). However, methodological variations in CBT delivery and outcome measures highlight the need for standardized protocols. This review underscores the robust evidence supporting CBT’s effectiveness in treating pediatric anxiety, while advocating for more uniform research methodologies to enhance comparability and generalizability (Johnson et al., 2018).

Meta-Analysis

• A specialized form of systematic review that involves statistical analysis of quantitative data from multiple studies.
• Combines results from different studies to derive overall conclusions or effect sizes.
• Requires homogeneity in study design and outcome measures for accurate analysis.

Meta-Synthesis

• Meta-synthesis is a qualitative approach that synthesizes findings from multiple qualitative studies.
• Involves the interpretation and integration of themes, concepts, or qualitative data across different studies.

Scoping Review

• A preliminary literature review on a broad topic to identify key concepts, gaps, and research areas.
• Provides an overview without necessarily synthesizing the evidence.

Scoping Literature Review Example 

This scoping review investigates the breadth of literature on the impact of mindfulness interventions on stress reduction. Initial searches in databases such as PubMed and PsycINFO yielded 80 relevant articles. Key themes emerged, including diverse intervention formats (e.g., mindfulness-based stress reduction, mindfulness apps), target populations (e.g., healthcare professionals, students), and outcome measures (e.g., self-reported stress levels, physiological markers). Noteworthy is the limited exploration of long-term effects and variations in intervention delivery. The review provides a foundation for future research directions, emphasizing the need for standardized methodologies and comprehensive assessments to advance our understanding of mindfulness interventions’ effectiveness in stress reduction (Smith et al., 2021; Brown & Jones, 2020).

Critical Review

• Evaluates and critiques the strengths and weaknesses of existing literature.
• Focuses on the methodology, theoretical framework, and overall quality of the studies reviewed.

Integrative Review

• Aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of a topic by integrating findings from different types of studies (quantitative, qualitative, or both).
• May include a range of research designs and methodologies.

Rapid Review

• Conducted within a shorter timeframe, often for decision-making purposes.
• Involves a streamlined review process with limitations in terms of depth and comprehensiveness.

Umbrella Review

• A review of existing systematic reviews and meta-analyses on a specific topic.
• Provides a higher level of evidence synthesis by examining the findings of multiple reviews.

Mixed Methods Review

Incorporates both quantitative and qualitative research studies to gain a comprehensive understanding of a research question.

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Tips For Writing A Good Literature Review

Here are a few additional tips for writing a good literature review in a dissertation or thesis :

Tip 1: Start Early 

Do not wait until the last minute to start writing your literature review. It takes time to do a good job.

Tip 2: Read Widely

Do not just read the most recent articles on your topic. Be sure to read older articles as well.

Tip 3: Take Breaks

Do not try to write your literature review all at once. Take breaks to avoid getting burned out.

Tip 4: Get Feedback

Ask your professor or a classmate to read your literature review and give you feedback.

Common Mistakes To Avoid When Writing A Literature Review

While literature review examples can provide valuable guidance, it is equally important to be aware of common pitfalls that can undermine the effectiveness of your literature review.

• Lack of Focus: A literature review should have a clear focus and not attempt to cover an entire field. Define the boundaries of your review and concentrate on the most relevant and recent literature.
• Overreliance on Secondary Sources: While reviews of existing reviews can be informative, relying solely on secondary sources, such as newspapers , may lead to a lack of depth in your analysis. Strive to include primary research studies to strengthen the credibility of your literature review.
• Failure to Synthesize: Merely summarizing individual studies without synthesizing their findings can result in a disjointed and unconvincing literature review. Connect the dots between different sources to provide a cohesive narrative.
• Ignoring Contradictory Evidence: A robust literature review acknowledges and addresses conflicting findings in the existing literature. Ignoring contradictory evidence can weaken the overall credibility of your review.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is a literature review.

A literature review is a critical analysis of existing research and scholarly works on a specific topic. It involves summarizing, evaluating, and synthesizing relevant literature to identify gaps, patterns, and trends. The review provides a foundation for understanding the current state of knowledge and informs future research directions.

How to write a literature review example?

To write a literature review, define your purpose, conduct a comprehensive search, critically evaluate sources, organize them thematically, and synthesize key findings. Structure your review with an introduction, thematic sections, and a conclusion. Properly cite sources, seek feedback, and revise. Maintain clarity, coherence, and adherence to citation styles throughout.

How to start a literature review example?

Begin your literature review with a concise introduction, providing context for the topic and clearly stating its importance. Define the scope and purpose, indicating the key themes or questions to be addressed. Engage readers by highlighting the relevance and significance of the reviewed literature to the broader research field.

How to write a literature review introduction example?

In this literature review, we explore the evolving landscape of artificial intelligence in healthcare. As advancements accelerate, understanding the implications of patient care and ethical considerations is crucial. This review aims to synthesize existing literature, identifying key trends, challenges, and opportunities in the intersection of artificial intelligence and healthcare delivery.

How to conclude a literature review example?

In conclusion, this literature review reveals the multifaceted nature of social media’s impact on mental health. While negative outcomes are associated with social comparison and excessive use, positive effects include social support. Thorough research is essential, considering individual differences and evolving social media dynamics, for a comprehensive understanding of its influence.

How to critique a literature review example?

This literature review demonstrates a comprehensive analysis of existing research on climate change adaptation strategies. Strengths include a clear organization and synthesis of findings. However, potential limitations include an emphasis on studies from specific regions, possibly affecting the generalizability of the conclusions. Further exploration of diverse geographic contexts could enhance the review’s robustness.

What is a preliminary literature review?

A preliminary literature review is an initial exploration of existing research on a specific topic. It helps researchers identify key concepts, relevant studies, and gaps in the literature before conducting an in-depth review. This phase informs the development of research questions and refines the focus for a more comprehensive literature review.

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This blog comprehensively assigns what the cognitive failures questionnaire measures. Read more to get the complete information.

A preliminary literature review is an initial exploration of existing research on a topic, setting the foundation for in-depth study.

In Canada, scholarships are generally not taxable if they are for education in a qualifying program. Consult tax regulations or a professional for accurate information.

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Literature Review Example/Sample

In this video, we walk you through an A-grade literature review from a dissertation that earned full distinction . We start off by discussing the five core sections of a literature review chapter by unpacking our free literature review template . This includes:

• The literature review opening/ introduction section
• The theoretical framework (or foundation of theory)
• The empirical research
• The research gap
• The closing section

PS – If you’re working on a dissertation, be sure to also check out our collection of dissertation and thesis examples here .

⚡ THE #1 LITERATURE REVIEW CHECKLIST ⚡

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Literature Review Example: Frequently Asked Questions

Is the sample literature review real.

Yes. The literature review example is an extract from a Master’s-level dissertation for an MBA program. It has not been edited in any way.

Can I replicate this literature review for my dissertation?

As we discuss in the video, every literature review will be slightly different, depending on the university’s unique requirements, as well as the nature of the research itself. Therefore, you’ll need to tailor your literature review to suit your specific context.

You can learn more about the basics of writing a literature review here .

Where can I find more examples of literature reviews?

The best place to find more examples of literature review chapters would be within dissertation/thesis databases. These databases include dissertations, theses and research projects that have successfully passed the assessment criteria for the respective university, meaning that you have at least some sort of quality assurance. 

The Open Access Thesis Database (OATD) is a good starting point. 

How do I get the literature review template?

You can access our free literature review chapter template here .

Is the template really free?

Yes. There is no cost for the template and you are free to use it as you wish. 

Learn More About The Lit Review:

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Research Question Examples: The Perfect Starting Point

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Literature Review

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Thank you so much for all this information. I am unable to download the literature review template and the excel worksheet. When I click the button it takes me to the top of the page. I would really love to use this template, thank you again!

Thanks alot, I really got benefit from your instructions and recommendations

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